Ebussuud Efendi

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Ebussuud Efendi's grave in Eyup

Mehmed Ebussuud Efendi ( Ottoman محمد أبو السعود العمادي Muḥammad Abū ʾs-Suʿūd al-ʿImādī ; * 1490 in İskilip ; † 1574 ) was a Hanafi Faqih (legal scholar), scholar of the Tafsir , Mufti , Kazasker and Qādī in the Ottoman Empire . Because of his origins, he was also called "Al-İmâdî" in everyday life, as his family originally immigrated from Amediye in Iraq.

Life

He was the 14th Sheikhul Islam of the Ottoman Empire. He spoke standard Arabic , Persian , Ottoman and probably Kurdish . With the upgrading of the office of Sheikhul Islam during his tenure, the Kazasker lost its importance. He was the maternal descendant of ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn ʿAlī ibn Muhammad al-Qushdschī .

He worked as a judge in Istanbul , Bursa and Rumelia . He supported the political efforts of the sultans of his time with a fatwa . So he blessed the conquest of Cyprus by Selim II. , Killing the Yazidi by Suleiman and the fight against Shiite Sufi - Order of the Safavids also under Süleyman from. From 1537 he was a Kazasker. Under Suleyman he was appointed Grand Mufti and Sheikhul Islam in 1545 , Suleyman received the Arabic nickname "legislator" ( Kanuni ) when he had Mehmed Ebu Suud draw up guidelines on how the Sharia in the interpretation of the Hanefi school of law are implemented in the practice of state reality should. This is considered to be the pinnacle of the power of Ebu Suud. Decrees issued in the name of the Sharia based on the legal opinions (fatwa) of the ulama - carried out in the name of the chief mufti - were invulnerable and considerably consolidated the reign of the sultan. He reformed the law on behalf of the Sultan and brought it under closer control by the state by codifying the Sharia for the first time : as the so-called "Kanunname", corresponding laws were passed. In contrast to before, these severely restricted judges' freedom of opinion.

Without exception, he declared Alevis , Shiites and Yazidis as well as other groups to be infidels and legitimized their killing. In a fatwa about the Kizilbash asked by Süleyman , he wrote: “This type of community is both unbelieving and pagan as well as evil. For these two reasons, it is a religious duty to kill them. God helps those who help religion and does evil to those who harm a Muslim. [...] Whoever falls in the fight against this group, falls as a martyr in God's way. […] Killing this group (Alevis) is more important than killing other unbelievers. ”He also declared the Sufi scholars Yunus Emre and Sheikh Bedreddin to be unbelievers. Bedreddin and his Vâridat pertaining legal judgments go back to him, in which the followers of Bedreddin were assessed as obviously unbelievers who must be killed.

In a fatwa regarding rent increases, he publicly contradicted Sultan Suleyman, in which he wrote: “With an order from the ruler, a wrong thing (nâmeşru) cannot become right (meşru). As haraam force things can not halaal be explained, which is the arrangement of Islam. [...] “Süleyman then abandoned his plan.

In addition to his judicial reform and codification of the Sharia principles, he was remembered for his detailed explanations of legal issues, for example, he declared coffee and the Karagöz theater as halāl, which were then considered new .

He left 22 works in writing, of which the Koran interpretation (Tafsir): "İrşadü'l-Aklu's-Selim Mezaye'l-Kitabü'l-Kerim" is universally considered to be his most important.

watch TV

In the television series Muhteşem Yüzyıl (2011) (German: "The splendid century") he was played by Tuncel Kurtiz .

literature

  • Hans Georg Majer: Ebusuud Efendi . In: Biographical Lexicon on the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 1. Munich 1974, p. 453 f.
  • Paul Horster: On the application of Islamic law in the 16th century - The “legal statements” (ma'rūżāt) of Schejch ül-Islam Ebū Su'ūd (d. 1574) edited, translated and examined. Verlag W. Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1935 (Bonner Orientalische Hefte, No. 10).
  • Coline Imber: Ebu's-su'ud - The Islamic Legal Tradition . Edinburgh University Press, Edinburg 1997.
  • Irene Schneider: Ebussuud . In: Michael Stolleis (Ed.): Juristen. A biographical lexicon; from antiquity to the 20th century . 2nd Edition. Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-45957-9 , p. 192.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı: Türkiye Yayınevi . İstanbul 1971, p. 21. (Turkish)
  2. ↑ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı: Türkiye Yayınevi . İstanbul 1971, p. 114.
  3. ^ Schneider, 192.
  4. ↑ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı: Türkiye Yayınevi . İstanbul 1971, p. 114. (Turkish)
  5. ↑ Alan Palmer: Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire . Heyne, Munich 1994 (English original: London 1992), p. 23
  6. ^ Schneider, 198.
  7. ↑ Şeyhülislâm Ebussuud Efendi'nin fetvaları .  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. evrensel.net@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.evrensel.net  
  8. ↑ İsmail Hâmi Danişmend, Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı: Türkiye Yayınevi . İstanbul 1971, p. 84. (Turkish)
  9. ^ Schneider, 193
personal data
SURNAME Ebussuud Efendi, Mehmed
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Abu Saud Efendi, Mehmed
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Hanafi Faqih (legal scholar), scholar of the Tafsir, Mufti, Kazasker and Kadi in the Ottoman Empire
DATE OF BIRTH 1490
PLACE OF BIRTH İskilip
DATE OF DEATH 1574