Mongolian calendar
Two Mongolian calendar systems can be distinguished:
- the modern calendar (аргын тоолол 'methodical chronology')
- the traditional calendar (билгийн тоолол 'wise chronology')
Modern calendar
In the modern calendar, years, months and days are counted according to the western pattern.
The days of the week can also be counted, starting with Monday. The designation of Saturday as' half a good day 'and Sunday as' whole good day' in Mongolia goes back to the working time regulation of the communist era , while in Inner Mongolia, following the Chinese model, Saturday is' six a week 'and Sunday is simply' Day of the week '. The names for heavenly bodies adopted from Tibetan are more formal.
Days of the week Mongolia Inner
MongoliaTibetan Monday 1.
нэгдэх өдөр1 ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠨᠢᠭᠡᠨ даваа
ᠳᠠᠸᠠ ☾Tuesday 2.
хоёрдахь өдөр2 ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠶᠠᠷ мягмар
ᠮᠢᠭᠮᠠᠷ ♂Wednesday 3.
гуравдахь өдөр3 ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠭᠣᠷᠪᠠᠨ лхагва
ᡀᠠᠭᠪᠠ ☿Thursday 4.
дөрөвдэх өдөр4th ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠳᠦᠷᠪᠡᠨ пүрэв
ᠫᠦᠷᠪᠦ ♃Friday 5.
тавдахь өдөр5 ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠲᠠᠪᠣᠨ баасан
ᠪᠠᠰᠠᠩ ♀Saturday хагас сайн өдөр 6th ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠵᠢᠷᠭᠣᠭᠠᠨ бямба
ᠪᠢᠮᠪᠠ ♄Sunday бүтэн сайн өдөр ᠭᠠᠷᠠᠭ ᠦᠨ ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ням
ᠨᠢᠮᠠ ☉
In the first half of the 20th century, the birth of Christ was not the epoch , but the year 1911 , designated with the government motto of Bogd Khan (олноо өргөгдсөн, 'increased by many') or from 1924 as the "year of the Mongolian state".
Traditional calendar
The traditional lunisolar calendar is based on 12 animal signs (mouse, cattle, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog, pig). It probably originates (like the Mongolian script ) from the Uighurs , who in turn adopted it from the Chinese . Years, months, days and hours are named with the zodiac signs. In the second half of the 13th century, as a result of the adoption of Buddhism by the Mongols, the Mongolian and Tibetan calendars were merged. The latter is based on the Indian kālacakra tantra ('wheel of time') and was further developed in particular in the Phugpa school (15th-18th centuries). The variant common in Mongolia is called төгс буянт 'completely pure' and goes back to the Buddhist priests Luwsandandsandschantsan (Лувсанданзанжанцан, 1639–1704) and Ischbalschir (དགེ་ ལྡན་ རྩིས་ གསར dge ldaran rts47 g ) back.
Years
Accordingly, there are two names next to each other for the years: the originally Chinese after 12 zodiac signs and 10 celestial tribes (Mongolian 5 elements or colors by 2 sexes ) and the originally Indian with 60 individual year names, which describe a cycle of becoming and passing away. New Year ( Tsagaan sar ) is January or February. The year 1027 serves as the epoch of this 60-year cycle, which is considered the year of the translation of the Kālacakra tantra from Sanskrit into Tibetan.
No. Animal with color / element and gender Surname 16th cycle 17th cycle 1 ?︎ female red or fire rabbit Сайтар гарсан 1927 1987 2 ?︎ male yellow or earth dragon Сайтар болсон 1928 1988 3 ?︎ female yellow or earth snake Цагаан 1929 1989 4th ?︎ male white or iron horse Маш согтонги 1930 1990 5 ?︎ female white or iron sheep Төрөлхтөний эзэн 1931 1991 6th ?︎ male black or water monkey Ангира 1932 1992 7th ?︎ female black or water chicken Цог нүүрт 1933 1993 8th ?︎ male blue or wood dog Бода 1934 1994 9 ?︎ female blue or wood pig Насан төгөлдөр 1935 1995 10 ?︎ male red or fire mouse Баригч 1936 1996 11 ?︎ female red or fire cattle Эрхэт 1937 1997 12 ?︎ male yellow or earth tiger Олон үрт 1938 1998 13 ?︎ female yellow or earth rabbit Согтох төгөлдөр 1939 1999 14th ?︎ male white or iron dragon Тийн дарагч 1940 2000 15th ?︎ female white or iron snake Сүргийн манлай 1941 2001 16 ?︎ male black or water horse Элдэв 1942 2002 17th ?︎ female black or water sheep Наран 1943 2003 18th ?︎ male blue or wood monkey Наран гэтэлгэгч 1944 2004 19th ?︎ female blue or wood chicken Газар тэтгэгч 1945 2005 20th ?︎ male red or fire dog Баршгүй 1946 2006 21st ?︎ female red or fire pig Хамгийг номхотгогч 1947 2007 22nd ?︎ male yellow or earth mouse Хотлыг баригч 1948 2008 23 ?︎ female yellow or earth cow Харшилт 1949 2009 24 ?︎ male white or iron tiger Тийн урвагч 1950 2010 25th ?︎ female white or iron rabbit Илжиг 1951 2011 26th ?︎ male black or water dragon Баясгалан 1952 2012 27 ?︎ female black or water snake Тийн ялагч 1953 2013 28 ?︎ male blue or wood horse Ялгуусан 1954 2014 29 ?︎ female blue or wood sheep Солиоруулагч (Галзууруулагч) 1955 2015 30th ?︎ male red or fire monkey Нүүр муут (Муу нүүрт) 1956 2016 31 ?︎ female red or fire chicken Алтан унжлагат 1957 2017 32 ?︎ male yellow or earth dog Тийн унжлагат 1958 2018 33 ?︎ female yellow or earth pig Урвуулагч 1959 2019 34 ?︎ male white or iron mouse Хотол төгс 1960 2020 35 ?︎ female white or iron cattle Цөөвөр 1961 2021 36 ?︎ male black or water tiger Сайжруулагч (Буян үйлдэгч) 1962 2022 37 ?︎ female black or water rabbit Үзэсгэлэнт болгогч 1963 2023 38 ?︎ male blue or wood dragon Хилэнт эм 1964 2024 39 ?︎ female blue or wood snake Элдэв эрдэнэт 1965 2025 40 ?︎ male red or fire horse Сүрээр дарагч 1966 2026 41 ?︎ female red or fire sheep Бичин 1967 2027 42 ?︎ male yellow or earth monkey Гадсан 1968 2028 43 ?︎ female yellow or earth chicken Амирлангуй 1969 2029 44 ?︎ male white or iron dog Ерд (Ерөнхий) 1970 2030 45 ?︎ female white or iron pig Харшлагч (Алжаас үйлт) 1971 2031 46 ?︎ male black or water mouse Огоот баригч 1972 2032 47 ?︎ female black or water cattle Сэрэмж үгүй 1973 2033 48 ?︎ male blue or wood tiger Хотол баясгалант 1974 2034 49 ?︎ female blue or wooden bunny Мангас 1975 2035 50 ?︎ male red or fire dragon Гал 1976 2036 51 ?︎ female red or fire snake Улбар шаргалт 1977 2037 52 ?︎ male yellow or earth horse Цагийн элч 1978 2038 53 ?︎ female yellow or earth sheep Тус бүтээгч 1979 2039 54 ?︎ male white or iron monkey Догшин 1980 2040 55 ?︎ female white or iron chicken Муу оюут 1981 2041 56 ?︎ male black or water dog Их хэнгэрэг 1982 2042 57 ?︎ female black or water pig Цусаар бөөлжигч 1983 2043 58 ?︎ male blue or wooden mouse Улаан нүдэн 1984 2044 59 ?︎ female blue or wood cattle Хилэнт 1985 2045 60 ?︎ male red or fire tiger Барагдагч 1986 2046
Months
There are also two names for the months: on the one hand, according to the 12 zodiac signs (also combined with the 5 dual elements), on the other hand, according to the 4 seasons, which are each divided into 3 sections. Sometimes a leap month (илүү сар) is inserted.
| бар ᠪᠠᠷᠰ ? tiger |
хаврын эхэн the beginning of spring |
| туулай ᠲᠠᠤᠯᠠᠢ ? bunny |
хаврын дунд mid- spring |
| луу ᠯᠤᠤ ? dragon |
хаврын сүүл end of spring |
| могой ᠮᠣᠭᠠᠢ ? snake |
зуны эхэн beginning of summer |
| морь ᠮᠣᠷᠢ ? horse |
зуны дунд mid- summer |
| хонь ᠬᠣᠨᠢ ? sheep |
зуны сүүл end of summer |
| бич ᠪᠡᠴᠢᠨ ? monkey |
намрын эхэн beginning of autumn |
| тахиа ᠲᠠᠬᠢᠶᠠ ? chicken |
намрын дунд mid- autumn |
| нохой ᠨᠣᠬᠠᠢ ? dog |
намрын сүүл end of autumn |
| гахай ᠭᠠᠬᠠᠢ ? pig |
өвлийн эхэн beginning of winter |
| хулгана ᠬᠤᠯᠤᠭᠠᠨᠠ ? mouse |
өвлийн дунд mid- winter |
| үхэр ᠦᠬᠡ ? beef |
өвлийн сүүл end of winter |
Days
Finally, the days can also be designated twice: again according to the 12 animal signs and the 5 dual elements, next to the counting of the day in the month.
With the second variant, it should be noted that a lunar day (increase in the elongation of the moon by 360 ° ÷ 30 d = 12 ° / d ) can last between 21.5 and 25.7 hours, while a calendar day comprises 24 hours. If a lunar day is completely contained in a calendar day (no calendar day change within a lunar day), there is a gap in the day count. Conversely, if a calendar day is completely contained in a lunar day (two calendar day changes within a lunar day), the day receives the same count twice.
Hours
When naming hours using the 12 animal signs, the full odd hours are sometimes assumed, sometimes 40 minutes are added.
| хулгана ? | 23 (: 40) –01 (: 40) |
| үхэр ? | 01 (: 40) –03 (: 40) |
| бар ? | 03 (: 40) –05 (: 40) |
| туулай ? | 05 (: 40) –07 (: 40) |
| луу ? | 07 (: 40) –09 (: 40) |
| могой ? | 09 (: 40) –11 (: 40) |
| морь ? | 11 (: 40) –13 (: 40) |
| хонь ? | 13 (: 40) –15 (: 40) |
| бич ? | 15 (: 40) –17 (: 40) |
| тахиа ? | 17 (: 40) –19 (: 40) |
| нохой ? | 19 (: 40) –21 (: 40) |
| гахай ? | 21 (: 40) –23 (: 40) |
More cycles
Other cycles such as мэнгэ (9 cycle) and суудал (8 cycle) play a role in astrology .
example
Article 70, paragraph 2 of the Mongolian constitution determines its entry into force
- "Арван долдугаар жарны усан бичин жилийн хаврын тэргүүн хар барс сарын шинийн есний идрийн барилдлагаатай өлзийт сайн шар морин өдрийн морин цагаас"
- "At 12 noon on 02/12/1992 or at the hour of the horse of the auspicious ninth day male yellow horse of the first month of spring male black tiger of the year [male] aquatic monkey of the seventeenth 60-year cycle"
See also
Web links
- Svante Janson : Tibetan calendar mathematics . A.3. Mongolia. Department of Mathematics, Uppsala University, 2014 ( arxiv.org [PDF]).
- Монгол билгийн тооллын календарь (calendar calculator )
- Brian Baumann: Calendar . In: Timothy May (Ed.): The Mongol Empire - a historical encyclopedia . tape 2 . ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2017, p. 124–127 ( full text in Google Book Search).
Individual evidence
- ↑ cjvlang.com: Days of the week in Mongolian
- ^ Alan JK Sanders: Historical dictionary of Mongolia (= Historical dictionaries of Asia, Oceania, and the Middle East . Volume 74 ). 3. Edition. Scarecrow Press, Lanhan 2010, pp. 136–138 ( full text in Google Book Search).
- ↑ Baumann p. 125 f.
- ↑ Kālacakra Calendar
- ↑ Л. Тэрбиш. Монгол зурхайн цаг тооны бичиг
- ↑ Монголын философийн түүх . tape 3 . Бемби сан хэвлэлийн газар, 2000, p. 126 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Janson p. 1
- ↑ Ц. Нацагдорж: Хүмүний эл насны төөрөг, 1920–2010 . Адмон, Улаанбаатар 2004 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
- ↑ Janson p. 26
- ^ Daniel Roy: Mongolian time reckoning
- ↑ legalinfo.mn: Монгол улсын үндсэн хууль