Muhammad III al-Husain

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Muhammad III al-Husain, Sadok Bey
Muhammad III al-Husain, Sadok Bey (1877)

Muhammad III al-Husain (* 1814 ; † October 28, 1882 in Bardo ; Arabic أبو عبد الله محمد الصادق باشا باي, DMG Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad aṣ-Ṣādiq Bāšā Bāy ) was as Sadok Bey from 1859 until his death Bey of Tunis .

Life

Muhammad III was the son of Husain II. al-Husain and brother of his predecessor Bey Muhammad II. al-Husain (1855-1859), to whose official successor he was appointed on June 10, 1855. On the same day he was appointed divisional general in the Ottoman Army , after taking office he was promoted to marshal on December 10, 1859. As the oldest family member of the Husainid dynasty , he reigned as Bey on September 21, 1859 , and was Bey and ruler of the Kingdom of Tunis from October 25, 1871 until his death .

In the year he came to power, the establishment of a telegraph connection was agreed with France . Although the "fundamental act" had already met with fierce opposition under its predecessor, Muhammad III renewed it. 1861 by submitting the first modern Arab constitution on April 23, 1861 . She restricted his rights as a Bey and promised a separation of government, legislation and jurisdiction. The legal process changed, a supreme jurisdiction should arise. The constitution gave Europeans and Jewish citizens the same rights as native Muslims. Under the changed legal requirements, they were also allowed to acquire real estate, with the aim of increasing the influx of European residents and stimulating trade with France. The constitution did not come into force, however, and was suspended after the outbreak of revolts against the introduction of a money tax in 1864 . Despite good reform plans Muhammad III. In the end, the country's economic strength was insufficient to implement it. A fundamental revival of the economy compared to the European competition did not succeed. Rather, the national debt soared that Tunisia came under the financial control of France, Great Britain and Italy in 1869 .

In the following years General Cheir ad-Din at-Tunusi tried as Grand Vizier (1873–1877) to reorganize the administration and to fight corruption . For this reason, modern schools were built to train people for a new efficient administrative apparatus. When at-Tunusi again leaned increasingly to the Ottoman Empire in order to assert Tunisia's independence, he was forced to abdicate. Now Muhammad III. recognize the French protectorate over Tunisia in the Bardo Treaty ( 1881 ) after the country was occupied by French troops.

Muhammad III died of natural causes in his palace in Bardo in 1882 and was buried in the Tourbet El Bey mausoleum in the medina of Tunis. His younger brother Ali al-Husain was his successor as Ali III from 1882 to 1902.

Honors

See also

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Compilation of the Husainids on the website of the library of Cornell University , Predecessors there , item 12, accessed on June 20, 2009 (English).
personal data
SURNAME Muhammad III al-Husain
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Mohammed III es Sadok ben Hassine (English spelling); Muhammad al-Sadiq Bey (French); Sadok Bey (ruler name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Bey of Tunis (1859-1882)
DATE OF BIRTH 1814
DATE OF DEATH October 28, 1882
PLACE OF DEATH Bardo