Husainids
The Husainid dynasty ( Arabic حسينيون, DMG Ḥusainiyūn ), also Husseiniden, ruled as Beys over Tunisia from 1705 to 1957 . It was founded in 1705 by Hussein Ben Ali , and its rule ended with the proclamation of the Republic on July 25, 1957.
history
After there had been repeated clashes between corsairs and janissaries over influence in the government during the Ottoman reign of Tunis in the 17th century , Husain I. ibn Ali prevailed as Bey in Tunis in 1705 and founded the Hussainid dynasty. Due to the existence of the dynasty and the political stability, there was an economic upswing in Tunisia, mainly due to the skills of the Moriscos who immigrated from Andalusia . Agriculture and trade with European states were promoted after corsairism had lost its importance.
In 1756 Ali I al-Husain (1735–1756) was overthrown by the sons of his predecessor when they conquered Tunis with Algerian help. It was not until 1807 that the supremacy of Algeria was ended by a victory for the Tunisians under Hammuda al-Husain (1782-1814). After the elimination of the Ottoman Janissaries, the influence of the Ottomans in Tunisia continued to decline , so that the Husainids were in fact able to rule independently. However, the Tunisian economy was considerably weakened by several epidemics of the plague and cholera as well as the destruction of the corsair fleet by France (1827).
Under Muhammad II. Al-Husain (1855-1859) and Muhammad III. Al-Husain as-Sadaq (1859–1882) began reforms to modernize the country, but these led to heavy debt and national bankruptcy. In 1869 Great Britain , France and Italy took over "financial control" over Tunisia. Although all privileges were abolished with the “Fundamental Act” and all Tunisians were granted civil rights, although this was confirmed in the first Arab constitution in 1861, it never came into force after the Bedouin uprisings .
After France had accepted the occupation of Cyprus by Great Britain, it got a free hand in Tunisia, occupied the country and, in the Bardo Treaty on May 12, 1881 , forced Bey Muhammad III to recognize its protectorate status . After Tunisia gained independence in 1956, Muhammad VIII al-Amin, the previous Bey, initially remained head of state, but was deposed in July 1957 under pressure from Prime Minister Habib Bourguiba .
Representative
- 1705-1735 Hussein I. Bey
- 1735-1756 Ali I. Bey
- 1756-1759 Rashid Bey
- 1759–1777 Ali II. Bey
- 1777-1814 Hammouda Bey
- 1814-1814 Osman Bey
- 1814-1824 Mahmoud Bey
- 1824-1835 Hussein II. Bey
- 1835-1837 Moustapha Bey
- 1837-1855 Ahmed I. Bey
- 1855-1859 Mohammed Bey
- 1859-1882 Sadok Bey
- 1882-1902 Ali III. Bey
- 1902-1906 Hédi Bey
- 1906-1922 Naceur Bey
- Habib Bey, 1922-1929
- 1929–1942 Ahmed II. Bey
- 1942-1943 Moncef Bey
- 1943-1957 Lamine Bey
literature
- Ulrich Haarmann : History of the Arab World. Edited by Heinz Halm. 4th revised and expanded edition. CH Beck, Munich 2001, ISBN 3-406-47486-1 ( Beck's historical library ).
- Tunis [2] . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 17 . Altenburg 1863, p. 932-934 ( zeno.org ).
See also
Web links
- Compilation on the website of the Library of Cornell University (English)