Annam muntjac

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Annam muntjac
Systematics
without rank: Forehead weapon bearer (Pecora)
Family : Deer (Cervidae)
Subfamily : Cervinae
Tribe : Muntjak deer (Muntiacini)
Genre : Muntjaks ( Muntiacus )
Type : Annam muntjac
Scientific name
Muntiacus truongsonensis
( Giao , Tuoc , Dung , Wikramanayake , Amato , Arctander & Mackinnon , 1997)

The Annam muntjac ( Muntiacus truongsonensis ) is a species of deer from the genus of the muntjac . It was first presented in 1997 based on antler and skull finds from Vietnam . DNA analyzes carried out at the same time confirmed the independence of the species. A more precise description was given in 1998. The animals are characterized by their small body size, dark fur and very short and simple antlers. There is no information about the way of life, nor about the endangerment of the population.

features

The Annam muntjac is one of the smallest muntjac species, but there are no specific body dimensions. He is about 15 kg in weight, the shoulder height is probably around 40 cm. The animals are therefore smaller than the Indian muntjak ( Muntiacus muntjak ). The fur is characterized by a blackish color. The tail is short and broad, tinted black on the top and whitish on the underside. Characteristic features can be found in the embossing of the antlers . This is noticeably short, the rose bushes are only around 3.6 cm long, the stem is unbranched, so that there are no shoots , and around 2 cm long with a circumference of 2.2 to 2.7 cm. The tips are a good 6.3 cm apart. The skull is shorter than that of the Indian muntjac. The upper and lower molar rows from the first premolar to the last molar are 5.2 and 6 cm in length, respectively, the molars each take up more than half of them. What is striking is the small difference in the size of the canines between male and female animals. In the former it is around 3 cm long, in the latter around 2.5 cm. The sexual dimorphism in relation to the canines is therefore significantly less pronounced than in the giant muntjak ( Muntiacus vuquangensis ).

distribution and habitat

Distribution area of ​​the Annam muntjak:
  • Known distribution
  • Uncertain occurrence

    • The exact extent of the distribution area of ​​the Annam muntjac is still unclear. Originally the species was described on the basis of skull finds from three different localities in the central Vietnamese province of Quảng Nam , later genetic studies also confirmed its presence in Laos . Camera traps provide unsecured evidence of an occurrence north to southern China . According to statements from local hunters in central Vietnam, the Annam muntjac uses dense and moist, sometimes secondary, tropical rainforests at higher altitudes. Possibly it is limited to altitudes of 1000 m above sea level.

    Way of life

    Like other muntjacs, the Annam muntjac probably feeds on leaves and fruits . Otherwise, no specific information is available about the lifestyle.

    Systematics

    Internal systematics of the Muntjak deer according to Zurano et al. 2019
      Muntiacini  
      Elaphodus  

     Elaphodus cephalophus


      Muntiacus  


     Muntiacus reevesi


       

     Muntiacus vuquangensis


       

     Muntiacus rooseveltorum


       

     Muntiacus truongsonensis


       

     Muntiacus putaoensis






       

     Muntiacus atherodes


       


     Muntiacus muntjac


       

     Muntiacus vaginalis



       

     Muntiacus feae


       

     Muntiacus crinifrons


       

     Muntiacus gongshanensis








    Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style

    The Annam Muntjak is a kind from the genus of the barking ( Muntiacus ) within the family of deer (Cervidae). Within the deer, the muntjaks belong to the subfamily of the Cervinae and to the tribe of the Muntjak deer (Muntiacini). The latter include additionally the tufted deer ( Elaphodus a). The Muntjak deer in turn form the sister taxon to the real deer (Cervini). The simply built antlers and the canine teeth that are usually enlarged in males can be named as characteristic features of the muntjaks. All known representatives are forest dwellers. The exact relationship between the various muntjac representatives has not yet been fully clarified, as has the number of species. A revision of the ungulates from 2011 by Colin P. Groves and Peter Grubb relegates the Annam muntjac to an unnamed family group together with the giant muntjac ( Muntiacus vuquangensis ), the Vietnam muntjak ( Muntiacus puhoatensis ), the Burma muntjac ( Muntiacus putaoensis ) and the Roosevelt muntjac ( Muntiacus rooseveltorum ). The muntjaks of the Southeast Asian mainland are thus united in this group; it is sometimes also referred to as the “ Muntiacus rooseveltorum species complex”. The group is supported by the Muntiacus muntjak -, the Muntiacus reevesi - and the Muntiacus crinifrons group. The distinction was made largely on an anatomical basis, but also partly on the basis of genetic data.

    A first genetic investigation of the Annam muntjac in 1998 revealed a close relationship with the giant muntjak and the Vietnam muntjak, which was not yet scientifically presented at the time (identified as "new undescribed (Vietnam)" with sample material from the Nghe An province ), as well as another unwritten form from Laos (reported as "new in press (Laos)"). While the authenticity of the material of the Vietnam muntjac has not yet been verified and a possible synonymity with the Roosevelt muntjac cannot be ruled out, later molecular genetic analyzes confirmed the relationship of the Annam muntjac to the giant muntjac and grouped both together with the Burma muntjac and the Roosevelt muntjac. According to more comprehensive recent genetic studies, the genus of the muntjac consists of two clades . In the first, in addition to the Annam muntjac, the giant muntjac as well as the Chinese muntjac ( Muntiacus reevesi ), the Roosevelt muntjac and the Burma muntjac are collected. The second is formed by the Indian muntjak ( Muntiacus muntjak ), the tenasserim muntjac ( Muntiacus feae ), the Borneo muntjac ( Muntiacus atherodes ) and the black muntjac ( Muntiacus crinifrons ). The Annam muntjac thus shows not only a closer relationship with other small species of the Southeast Asian mainland, but also with the largest member of the genus known to date.

    The Annam muntjac was first scientifically described in 1997 by Pham Mong Giao and research colleagues under the name Caninmuntiacus truongsonensis . The new species was presented in a Vietnamese daily newspaper without specifying a type specimen. In 1998 the same team of authors published a more comprehensive description along with genetic analyzes. Here they carried the Annam muntjac under the scientific name Muntiacus truongsonensis and gave a fully grown male individual with the specimen number QNM0001 as the holotype . The second publication makes no reference to the first from 1997, but was based on the same found material. Since the first publication from 1997 is covered by the regulations of the ICZN , Muntiacus truongsonensis is officially a synonym for Caninmuntiacus truongsonensis , which is the first name used. The species name truongsonensis is a reference to the Truong Son Mountains as a type region of the species.

    Threat and protection

    The Annam muntjak is classified by the IUCN in the category of “insufficient data” ( data deficient ). There is no reliable information about the size of the distribution area and thus also not about the size of the population . Habitat loss is likely to be a threat in some regions, but the degree of tolerance to fragmentation cannot yet be assessed. The main threat to the Annam muntjac is hunting.

    Trivia

    There is a 6.500 Đồng stamp from 2018 on which the Annam muntjak is shown.

    literature

    • Pham Mong Giao, Do Tuoc, Vu Van Dung, Eric D. Wikramanayake, George Amato, Peter Arctander and John MacKinnon: Description of Muntiacus truongsonensis, a new species of muntjac (Artiodactyla, Muntiacidae) from Central Vietnam, and implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 1, 1998, pp. 61-68
    • Stefano Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , p. 411

    Individual evidence

    1. ↑ a b c d e f g Pham Mong Giao, Do Tuoc, Vu Van Dung, Eric D. Wikramanayake, George Amato, Peter Arctander and John MacKinnon: Description of Muntiacus truongsonensis, a new species of muntjac (Artiodactyla, Muntiacidae) from Central Vietnam, and implications for conservation. Animal Conservation 1, 1998, pp. 61-68
    2. ↑ a b c Stefano Mattioli: Family Cervidae (Deer). In: Don E. Wilson and Russell A. Mittermeier (eds.): Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hoofed Mammals. Lynx Edicions, 2011, ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4 , p. 411
    3. ↑ George Amato, Mary G. Egan, George B. Schaller, Richard H. Baker, Howard C. Rosenbaum, William G. Robichaud and Rob DeSalle: Rediscovery of Roosevelt's barking deer (Muntiacus rooseveltorum). Journal of Mammalogy 80 (2), 1999, pp. 639-643, doi : 10.2307 / 1383308
    4. ^ A b c R. J. Timmins and JW Duckworth: Muntiacus truongsonensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016. e.T44704A22154056 ( [1] ); last accessed on December 26, 2019
    5. ↑ Juan P. Zurano, Felipe M. Magalhães, Ana E. Asato, Gabriel Silva, Claudio J. Bidau, Daniel O. Mesquita and Gabriel C. Costa: Cetartiodactyla: Updating a time-calibrated molecular phylogeny. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 133, 2019, pp. 256-262, doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2018.12.015
    6. ^ Colin Peter Groves and Peter Grubb: Ungulate Taxonomy. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2011, pp. 1-317 (pp. 71-107)
    7. ↑ George Amato, Mary G. Egan and Alan Rabinowitz: A new species of muntjac, Muntiacus putaoensis (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) from northern Myanmar. Animal Conservation 2, 1999, pp. 1-7
    8. ↑ George Amato, Mary G. Egan and George B. Schaller: Mitochondrial DNA variation in muntjac: evidence for discovery, rediscovery, and phylogenetic relationships. In: Elisabeth S. Vrba and George B. Schaller (Eds.): Antelopes, deer, and relatives. Yale University Press, 2000, pp. 285-295
    9. ↑ Jiffy James, Uma Ramakrishnan and Aparajita Datta: Molecular evidence for the occurrence of the leaf deer Muntiacus putaoensis in Arunachal Pradesh, north-east India. Conservation Genetics 9, 2008, pp. 927-931, doi: 10.1007 / s10592-007-9410-3
    10. ↑ Alexandre Hassanin, Frédéric Delsuc, Anne Ropiquet, Catrin Hammer, Bettine Jansen van Vuuren, Conrad Matthee, Manuel Ruiz-Garcia, François Catzeflis, Veronika Areskoug, Trung Thanh Nguyen and Arnaud Couloux: Pattern and timing of diversification of Cetartiodactalia, Lauriala (Mammia ), as revealed by a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial genomes. Comptes Rendus Palevol 335, 2012, pp. 32-50
    11. ↑ Nicola S. Heckeberg, Dirk Erpenbeck, Gert Wörheide and Gertrud E. Rössner: Systematic relationships of five newly sequenced cervid species. PeerJ 4, 2016, p. E2307, doi: 10.7717 / peerj.2307
    12. ↑ Annamite Muntjac (Muntiacus truongsonensis) , last accessed on December 25, 2019

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