Flycatcher
Flycatcher | ||||||||||||
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European robin ( Erithacus rubecula ) |
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Systematics | ||||||||||||
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Scientific name | ||||||||||||
Muscicapidae | ||||||||||||
Vigors , 1825 |
The flycatchers (Muscicapidae) are a family of birds from the order of the passerine birds (Passeriformes), which, with the exception of the wheatear and the bluethroat, occur exclusively in the Old World . The classification of this group of birds is controversial. They are closely related to the thrushes (Turdidae). A number of genres are alternately assigned to one or the other family by different authors .
Features and way of life
Flycatchers are small birds with large heads and large eyes. Their beak is flat and wide at the base and has strong beak bristles. The legs are short, the feet are small, and the wings are relatively long and pointed. The animals are insect hunters that live in trees. They lie in wait for insects flying by from a sitting area and then catch them in short flights.
Flycatchers breed in the forest or in park-like landscapes with trees and bushes. The nest is a bowl that is built in forks, niches or caves. The eggs are usually bluish in color. In species that breed in open nests, the eggs have brown spots. There is no drawing for species that breed in caves. Usually only the female breeds. The newly hatched nestlings have dark gray down and a yellow throat and yellowish to whitish beak bulges.
Systematics of the flycatcher
The systematics of the flycatcher family has changed a lot in the last few decades. Many of the genera and species that are in this family today (2018) were counted among the thrushes some time ago . Molecular genetic studies have shown that the traditional assignment of many species, especially the Schmätzer , was incorrect. The proposed division of the family into two subfamilies also turned out to be non-monophyletic. Therefore, the family is now divided into a total of four subfamilies.
Subfamily true flycatcher (Muscicapinae)
Tribus Copsychini
-
Alethe - 2 types
- Chestnut Alethe ( Alethe castanea )
- Diademalethe ( Alethe diademata )
-
Hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas ) - 10 species
- Bearded Hedge Warbler ( Cercotrichas barbata )
- Karoo Hedge Warbler ( Cercotrichas coryphoeus )
- Hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas galactotes )
- Hardwood Hedge Warbler ( Cercotrichas hartlaubi )
- White- browed hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas leucophrys )
- Hedge Warbler ( Cercotrichas leucosticta )
- Kalahari Hedge Warbler ( Cercotrichas paena )
- Black hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas podobe )
- Striped hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas quadrivirgata )
- Natal hedge warbler ( Cercotrichas signata )
-
Copsychus - 12 species
- Andaman Shama ( Copsychus albiventris )
- Madagascarschama ( Copsychus albospecularis )
- Cebuschama ( Copsychus cebuensis )
- Strauchschmätzer ( Copsychus fulicatus )
- Brow Shama ( Copsychus luzoniensis )
- White rump shama ( Copsychus malabaricus )
- Philippine shama ( Copsychus mindanensis )
- Soot Schama ( Copsychus niger )
- Fire tail shama ( Copsychus pyrropygus )
- Dajalschama ( Copsychus saularis )
- Seychelles Shama ( Copsychus Sechellarum )
- White-capped Shama ( Copsychus stricklandii )
Tribe Muscicapini
-
Empathy - 1 Art
- Silberschnäpper ( Empidornis semipartitus )
-
Fraseria - 2 types
- Browed Woodcatcher ( Fraseria cinerascens )
- Woodcatcher ( Fraseria ocreata )
-
Humblotia - 1 kind
- Humblot flycatcher ( Humblotia flavirostris )
-
Melaenornis - 4 types
- Marula flycatcher ( Melaenornis annamarulae )
- Yellow-eyed drongo flycatcher ( Melaenornis ardesiacus )
- Senegal drongo flycatcher ( Melaenornis edolioides )
- Gloss drongo flycatcher ( Melaenornis pammelaina )
-
Muscicapa - 25 species
- Dark flycatcher ( Muscicapa adusta )
- Marsh flycatcher ( Muscicapa aquatica )
- Boehm's snapper ( Muscicapa boehmi )
- Slate flycatcher ( Muscicapa caerulescens )
- Cassin flycatcher ( Muscicapa cassini )
- Stuhlmann snapper ( Muscicapa comitata )
- Brown flycatcher ( Muscicapa dahurica )
- Fantasticcatcher ( Muscicapa epulata )
- Rustcatcher ( Muscicapa ferruginea )
- Gambagaschnäpper ( Muscicapa gambagae )
- Spotted flycatcher ( Muscicapa griseisticta )
- Schieferbrustschnäpper ( Muscicapa infuscata )
- Muscicapa itombwensis
- Lenduscatcher ( Muscicapa lendu )
- Bamboo flycatcher ( Muscicapa muttui )
- Olive flycatcher ( Muscicapa olivascens )
- Cinderella ( Muscicapa randi )
- Red-tailed flycatcher ( Muscicapa ruficauda )
- Sumbas flycatcher ( Muscicapa segregata )
- Yellow flycatcher ( Muscicapa sethsmithi )
- Sootcatcher ( Muscicapa sibirica )
- Muscicapa sodhii
- Gray flycatcher ( Muscicapa striata )
- Tessmann's flycatcher ( Muscicapa tessmanni )
- Mediterranean flycatcher ( Muscicapa tyrrhenica )
- Swallowcatcher ( Muscicapa ussheri )
- Muscicapa williamsoni
-
Myioparus - 2 species
- Gray-throated flycatcher ( Myioparus griseigularis )
- Great Tit flycatcher ( Myioparus plumbeus )
-
Namibornis - 1
item
- Herero flycatcher ( Namibornis herero )
Subfamily Niltavinae
-
Anthipes - 2 types
- Diamond flycatcher ( Anthipes monileger )
- Roststirnschnäpper ( Anthipes Solitaris )
-
Cyanoptila - 2 species
- Türkisblauschnäpper ( Cyanoptila cumatilis )
- Taiga flycatcher ( Cyanoptila cyanomelana )
-
Blue flycatcher ( Cyornis ) - 30 species
- Mountain Blue Flycatcher ( Cyornis banyumas )
- White-throated jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis brunneatus )
- Broad-billed blue flycatcher ( Cyornis caerulatus )
- Sula jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis colonus )
- White-tailed niltava ( Cyornis concretus )
- Tanahjampea bluecatcher ( Cyornis djampeanus )
- Chinablauschnäpper ( Cyornis glaucicomans )
- Great bluecatcher ( Cyornis hainanus )
- Heriot blue flycatcher ( Cyornis herioti )
- Celebes bluecatcher ( Cyornis hoevelli )
- Hyacinth flycatcher ( Cyornis hyacinthinus )
- Palawan bluecatcher ( Cyornis lemprieri )
- Thick -billed blue flycatcher ( Cyornis magnirostris )
- Nicobaric jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis nicobaricus )
- Olive- backed jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis olivaceus )
- Blue Flycatcher ( Cyornis omissus )
- Flores jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis oscillans )
- Kerala flycatcher ( Cyornis pallipes )
- Gray-cheeked flycatcher ( Cyornis poliogenys )
- Bluethroat flycatcher ( Cyornis rubeculoides )
- Sumatran blue flycatcher ( Cyornis ruckii )
- Red-tailed jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis ruficauda )
- Mangrove flycatcher ( Cyornis rufigastra )
- Sanford flycatcher ( Cyornis sanfordi )
- Blue flycatcher ( Cyornis superbus )
- Brown-breasted bluecatcher ( Cyornis tickelliae )
- Malaienblauschnäpper ( Cyornis turcosus )
- Gray breasted jungle flycatcher ( Cyornis umbratilis )
- Blue- breasted flycatcher ( Cyornis unicolor )
-
Eumyias - 7 species
- Burus flycatcher ( Eumyias additus )
- Egyptian Flycatcher ( Eumyias albicaudatus )
- Indigo flycatcher ( Eumyias indigo )
- Azure Flycatcher ( Eumyias panayensis )
- Indigo flycatcher ( Eumyias ruficrissa )
- Ceylon flycatcher ( Eumyias sordidus )
- Lazuli flycatcher ( Eumyias thalassinus )
-
Niltava - 7 types
- David-Niltava ( Niltava davidi )
- Kobalt Niltava ( Niltava grandis )
- Blue Flycatcher ( Niltava macgrigoriae )
- Blue Flycatcher ( Niltava oatesi )
- Sumatraniltava ( Niltava sumatrana )
- Red-bellied Niltava ( Niltava sundara )
- Swinhoe-Niltava ( Niltava vivida )
Subfamily Cossyphinae
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Chamaetylas - 4 species
- Thyolo brown tail ( Chamaetylas choloensis )
- White-breasted brown- tail ( Chamaetylas fuelleborni )
- Brown-breasted brown- tail ( Chamaetylas poliocephala )
- Red throat browntail ( Chamaetylas poliophrys )
-
Cichladusa - 3 types
- Morgenrötel ( Cichladusa arquata )
- Tropfenrötel ( Cichladusa guttata )
- Graubruströtel ( Cichladusa ruficauda )
-
Cossypha - 15 species
- White-headed rubella ( Cossypha albicapillus )
- Cave red chalk ( Cossypha ansorgei )
- Olive red chalk ( Cossypha anomala )
- Ruwenzori chalk ( Cossypha archeri )
- Caprod ( Cossypha caffra )
- Blue shoulder rubella ( Cossypha cyanocampter )
- Spot chalk ( Cossypha dichroa )
- White-headed chalk ( Cossypha heinrichi )
- White- browed chalk ( Cossypha heuglini )
- White-throated red chalk ( Cossypha humeralis )
- Cameroon red chalk ( Cossypha isabellae )
- Natal red chalk ( Cossypha natalensis )
- Schneescheitelrötel ( Cossypha niveicapilla )
- Gray winged chalk ( Cossypha polioptera )
- Brown back chalk ( Cossypha semirufa )
-
Cossyphicula - 1 kind
- White-bellied rubella ( Cossyphicula roberti )
-
Erithacus - 1 kind
- European robin ( Erithacus rubecula )
-
Pogonocichla - 1 kind
- Red chalk ( Pogonocichla stellata )
-
Sheppardia - 9 species
- Uganda chalk ( Sheppardia aequatorialis )
- Rubehorötel ( Sheppardia aurantiithorax )
- Bocage chalk ( Sheppardia bocagei )
- Schnäpperrötel ( Sheppardia cyornithopsis )
- Forked calf ( Sheppardia gabela )
- Blue-winged chalk ( Sheppardia gunningi )
- Njomberötel ( Sheppardia lowei )
- African ruby ( Sheppardia montana )
- Brown-chested chalk ( Sheppardia sharpei )
-
Stiphrornis - 1
item
- Waldrötel ( Stiphrornis erythrothorax )
-
Swynnertonia - 1 kind
- Swynnertonrötel ( Swynnertonia swynnertoni )
Schmätzer subfamily (Saxicolinae)
- Brachypteryx - 3 species
- Calliope - 5 types
-
Campicoloides - 1 kind
- Pale shoulder ginger ( Campicoloides bifasciatus )
-
Cinclidium - 1 kind
- Blue treasure ( Cinclidium frontale )
- Emarginata - 3 species
- Scissortails ( Enicurus ) - 8 species
- Cave flycatcher ( Ficedula ) - 31 species
-
Heinrichia - 1 Art
- Celebes wing ( Heinrichia calligyna )
-
Heteroxenicus - 1 species
- Brown-backed short-winged ( Heteroxenicus stellatus )
-
Irania - 1 Art
- White-throated Warbler ( Irania gutturalis )
- Larvivora - 6 species
-
Leonardina - 1 item
- Mindanao Island Thrush ( Leonardina woodi )
- Luscinia - 4 types
- Red chalk ( Monticola ) - 13 species
-
Muscicapella - 1 type
- Golden-winged bluecatcher ( Muscicapella hodgsoni )
- Myiomela - 2 types
- Whistling thrushes ( Myophonus ) - 9 species
- Myrmecocichla - 8 species
- Wheatear ( Oenanthe ) - 28 species
- Redstart ( Phoenicurus ) - 12 species
-
Pinarochroa - 1 type
- Almenschmätzer ( Pinarochroa sordida )
-
Pinarornis - 1 kind
- Stein Springer ( Pinarornis plumosus )
- Meadow treacherous ( Saxicola ) - 15 species
- Sholicola - 2 types
- Tarsiger - 6 types
- Thamnolaea - 2 species
- Vauriella - 4 types
Culture
In China of the Qing Dynasty , the flycatcher adorned the robes of civil servants of the 9th (and thus lowest) rank as a tiny bird (see also Chinese symbols ).
literature
- Collin Harrison, Peter Castell: Fledglings, Eggs and Nests of Birds in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. 2nd Edition. Aula, Wiebelsheim 2004, ISBN 3-89104-685-5 .
Single receipts
- ↑ Collin Harrison, Peter Castell: Young birds, eggs and nests of birds in Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. 2nd Edition. Aula, Wiebelsheim 2004, p. 397.
- ↑ Our Taxonomy . In: J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, DA Christie & E. de Juana, E. (Eds.): Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive . Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ( hbw.com [accessed November 28, 2018]).
- ↑ G. Sangster, P. Alström, E. Forsmark, U. Olsson: Multi-locus phylogenetic analysis of Old World chats and flycatchers reveals extensive paraphyly at family, subfamily and genus level (Aves: Muscicapidae) . In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution . tape 57 , no. 1 , 2010, p. 380-392 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2010.07.008 , PMID 20656044 .
- ↑ D. Zuccon, PGP Ericson: A multi-gene phylogeny disentangles the chat-flycatcher complex (Aves: Muscicapidae) . In: Zoologica Scripta . tape 39 , no. 3 , 2010, p. 213-224 , doi : 10.1111 / j.1463-6409.2010.00423.x .