Ogata Shunsaku

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Relief in front of the Asakura Ishikai Hospital in memory of the introduction of the smallpox protection variation by Ogata Shunsaku in 1790

Ogata Shunsaku ( Japanese 緒 方 春 朔 , born September 10, 1748 in Kurume, Chikugo Province (today: Kurume , Fukuoka Prefecture ); † February 24, 1810 in Akizuki (today: Akizuki, Asakura , Fukuoka Prefecture)) was a Japanese doctor which is the spread of smallpox - variolation rendered outstanding and the foundations for the rapid adoption of by Edward Jenner developed vaccination had created.

Life

Ogata Shunsaku was born in Kurume on 1748 , where his father Kawarabayashi Seiemon ( 瓦林 清 右衛門 ) served the local fief. Shunsaku's actual name ( imina ) was Naruaki ( 惟 章 ). The author names Saian ( 済 庵 ) and Dōunken ( 洞 雲軒 ) were added later . In his childhood he was adopted by the feudal doctor Ogata Gensai ( 緒 方 元 斉 ), who thus mapped out his future path in life. Like many young aspirants of medicine, Shunsaku first moved to Nagasaki to familiarize himself with Western medicine with the Dutch interpreter Yoshio Kōsaku, alias Kyōgyu, who is famous for his erudition and rich collection of materials . Around 1789/90 he moved from Kurume to Akizuki ( 秋月 ). In 1789 he was hired as a doctor by the local sovereign Kuroda Naganobu ( 黒 田 長 舒 , 1765–1807).

Since his stay in Nagasaki, Ogata had a strong interest in the smallpox vaccination and was intensively concerned with the work "Golden Mirror of Medical Tradition" published in China in 1749 ( Yīzōng jīnjiàn , 医 宗 金 鑑 , Japanese name Isō kinkan ). In the 60th book of this publication, a vaccination method, which was also used in the Middle East at the time, is described, in which powder obtained from human smallpox pustules is blown into the nose with a tube, so that a mostly moderate infection takes place via the mucous membranes.

Ogata adopted this procedure, which he modified slightly. He had found that smallpox worked better if you let the patient pull the powder up through their noses on a spoon. He obtained the vaccine during the smallpox epidemic of 1789/90. In 1790, at the request of the village chief Amamo Jinzaemon ( 天野 甚 左衛 門 ), he vaccinated his two children. These developed symptoms of smallpox infection but recovered by day 10. Three years later he successfully vaccinated five children in Nagasaki.

Many doctors at that time only passed their therapies on to selected students or their own children. Ogata, however, made his knowledge public in 1793 in the writing Shutō hitsujun ben ( 種痘 必 順 弁 ). Trusses were usually written in Chinese. In order to reach those doctors who could not cope with such texts, he wrote his booklet in an easily understandable Japanese style. In 1795 he accompanied the sovereign from Akizuki to Edo (today Tokyo), the seat of the Shogun, where he carried out numerous vaccinations and instructed doctors from other fiefdoms. In the years from 1790 to 1796 he gave around 1,100 vaccinations to children.

As a result, Ogata gained a national reputation and trained students from many regions of the country. He died in 1810 at the age of 63 and was buried in the Chōshō Temple ( Chōshō-ji ). A relief in front of the Amagi-Asakura medical association's hospital commemorates his historic pioneering work.

Making healthy people sick and thereby saving them from this disease was a completely new way of thinking. Thanks to Ogata's variolation, doctors were particularly familiar with the concept of smallpox vaccination in western Japan. However, it was known that the vaccinated person sometimes died. In 1796, the English country doctor Edward Jenner developed a vaccination procedure for cowpox, which significantly reduced the risk. After several failed attempts at the beginning of the 19th century, the German doctor Otto Gottlieb Mohnike, stationed at the Dutch trading post in Dejima , succeeded in demonstrating the effectiveness of this new method in 1849. Since the principle was already known and many doctors had already heard of the new procedure, doctors from far and wide rushed to Nagasaki to get lymph there. Within a few years vaccination (lat. Vaccinus, 'coming from cows') was practiced in most fiefdoms of Japan. This also helped western medicine to gain considerable reputation among the general population.

Works

  • Ogata Shunsaku: Shutō hitsujun ben . Ansei 5 (1793) ( 種痘 必 順 弁 )
  • Ogata Shunsaku: Shutō kinkatsu . Ansei 8 (1796) ( 種痘 緊 轄 )
  • Ogata Shunsaku: Shutō shōjiroku . Ansei 8 (1796) ( 種痘 證 治 録 )

literature

  • Tomita Hidehisa: Ogata Shunsaku . Fukuoka: Kaichōsha, 2010.
  • Ann Bowman Jannetta: The Vaccinators - Smallpox, Medical Knowledge, and the Opening of Japan. Stanford, Calif .: Stanford University. Press, 2007.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ According to the Japanese calendar, 18th day, 8th month, 7th year Kan'en (date of birth) and 21st day, 1st month, 7th year Bunka (date of death).
  2. ↑ The mortality rate was 2 to 3 percent

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ 緒 方 春 朔 . In: 朝日 日本 歴 史 人物 事 典 at kotobank.jp. Retrieved May 28, 2013 (Japanese).
personal data
SURNAME Ogata, Shunsaku
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 緒 方 春 朔 (Japanese name); Ogata Naruaki (real name); 緒 方 惟 章 (Japanese, real name); 緒 方 済 庵 (Japanese, author name); 緒 方 洞 雲軒 (Japanese, author name)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Japanese physician, pioneer of variolation in early modern Japan
DATE OF BIRTH September 10, 1748
PLACE OF BIRTH Kurume, Chikugo Province (today: Kurume , Fukuoka Prefecture )
DATE OF DEATH February 24, 1810
Place of death Akizuki (today: Akizuki, Asakura , Fukuoka Prefecture)