Orbea variegata
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Orbea variegata |
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| ( L. ) Haw. |
Orbea variegata (Syn .: Stapelia variegata ) is a type of plant from the subfamily of the silk plant family (Asclepiadoideae). The specific epithet variegata means '(Latin variegatus) changed, colorful'. Aasblume or Ordensstern are usedas German trivial names ; the name carrion flower, for example, is also used for many species of the closely related genus Stapelia .
description
Vegetative characteristics
The stem succulent , squat or slender shoots of Orbea variegata lie at the base and then rise or stand upright. They form small lawns or clumps with a diameter of 5 to 20 cm, rarely up to a meter. The slender shoots are up to about 15 cm long or high with a diameter of about 0.5 to 1 cm. Squat shoots are only 4 to 5 cm high, with a diameter of less than 1 cm. The shoots are green with purple spots. The warts are spread apart and up to 3 to 9 mm, rarely up to 1.5 cm long. They are loosely arranged in four obtuse-angled ribs, each with a longitudinal pit between the ribs. The secondary leaf rudiments may be missing. The milky juice is colorless.
Inflorescence and flower
The inflorescence stem has a length of 2 to 6 mm with a diameter of 0.2 to 0.3 mm. The inflorescence contains one to five flowers. The flower buds are drawn out and pointed at the end of the bud, but also flat and rounded.
The hermaphrodite flower is radially symmetrical and five-fold. The five sepals are approximately 9 mm long. The five petals are fused flat-basin-shaped and the crown has a diameter of 5 to 9 cm. The crown is green on the outside and the corolla lobes and the veins are reddish. The inside of the crown is pale greenish-yellow or light yellowish with a variable pattern of more or less large black-purple, crimson or purple-brown spots and points. The round or rounded pentagonal annulus is usually lighter yellow and more finely drawn. The edge is bent back, the surface warty, wrinkled across the inside. The corolla tube encloses the secondary crown . With a length of about 2.5 cm and a width of about 2.3 cm, the petal lobes are approximately triangular, spread out flat or slightly curved outwards. The secondary crown, measuring 6 to 7 mm in diameter, is pale yellow in color with dark purple dots, or dark purple in color. The interstaminal corolla lobes are deeply pocket-shaped, oblong-rectangular and up to half of them are divided into two parts or two-toothed, as well as ascending and differing. The staminal corolla lobes are 3 mm long and 1.2 mm wide and oval-lanceolate in shape. At the base and at the upper end, they have thread-thin or awl-like extensions of approximately the same length, which protrude above the stylus head at the upper end. The ends are club-shaped and bent outwards. There is a nectar cavity, the opening teardrop-shaped. The pollinia are narrow D-shaped with a width of 0.8 mm and a height of 0.5 mm.
Open flowers give off a carrion-like odor. The flowering period extends from the beginning of June to September.
Fruit and seeds
The follicles are paired, at an acute angle to each other and upright. They are long spindle-shaped with a smooth surface and up to 12 cm long.
Chromosome number
The number of chromosomes is 2n = 22 or 44.
Differences from related species
Orbea variegata is closely related to Orbea namaquensis , which occurs north of the range of Orbea variagata in more drier regions of Namaqualand . To the east, the distribution area of the closely related species Orbea pulchella and Orbea verrucosa joins, in some cases the distribution areas overlap somewhat. Both species differ from Orbea variegata in that they have significantly smaller flowers, the less clearly developed annulus and the smaller staminal and interstaminal corolla lobes.
Synecology
By the smell of carrion, to separate the flowers are blow flies are attracted to the flowers pollinate . In the Canary Islands , Orbea variegata is also a food plant for the caterpillars of the small monarch butterfly ( Danaus chrysippus ) and the monarch butterfly ( Danaus plexippus ).
Occurrence
Orbea variegata is originally distributed only in South Africa. It thrives at altitudes between 0 and about 1000 meters. It grows on gently sloping, rarely steep, stony slopes, sometimes under bushes, but also in places that are more or less fully exposed to the sun.
In the meantime Orbea variegata has become feral in many countries of the subtropics and is a neophyte / (for example South Australia ).
cultivation
Orbea variegata has been in cultivation for a long time, as it is very easy to care for and requires little water. In areas without frost, some Orbea species and varieties are used as ornamental plants in sunny locations, especially in dry areas they can be kept in gardens. In areas with frost, they must be overwintered in the greenhouse or rooms or are cared for in the greenhouse all year round or used as indoor plants. It came to Europe as early as 1639 with a plant collection from the missionary and plant collector Justus Heurnius , making it the first stapel species in Europe to be cultivated . It is very tolerant of very high temperatures, but also of cold (room) temperatures and even tolerates low degrees of frost. It is largely resistant to the "black spot" disease of the silk plant family. It must be watered regularly during the growth phase and must be kept dry in winter. It can be propagated very easily by cuttings. The seeds germinate well and quickly when fresh. In the meantime there are also numerous cultivars and hybrid cultures.
Systematics
This species was in 1753 by Linnaeus under the name Stapelia variegata ( Basionym ) in Species Plantarum , 1, p 217 first published . Adrian Hardy Haworth presented it in 1812 in Synopsis plantarum succulentarum ... , p. 40 for his new genus Orbea . The flowers and the growth form are very variable. In the past, this has resulted in this species being described under a wide variety of names. Birgit Müller , Janine Kiel , Focke Albers and Ulrich Meve list over 50 synonyms and emphasize that the list is still incomplete. There are also some cultivars and hybrid cultures. It was known for a long time under the name Stapelia variegata . After the genus Orbea was separated, it was recombined into this genus, as it is the type species of Orbea .
swell
literature
- Birgit Müller, Janine Kiel, Focke Albers and Ulrich Meve: Orbea , pp. 189–208, In: Focke Albers & Ulli Meve (eds.): Succulent lexicon Volume 3 Asclepiadaceae (silk plants). , Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002. ISBN 978-3-8001-3982-8 .
- Peter V. Bruyns: Monograph of Orbea and Ballyanthus (Apocynaceae - Asclepiadoideae - Ceropegieae) , In: Systematic Botany Monographs , 63, Ann Arbor, American Society of Plant Taxonomists, 2002, pp. 1–196, ISBN 0-912861-63- 0
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d data sheet also showing the fruits of Orbea variegata at Cactuspedia . A website without specifying its own sources.
- ↑ Orbea variegata at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
- ↑ Gerald S. Barad: Pollination of Stapeliads. Originally published in the Cactus and Succulent Journal (US) , Vol. 62, 1990, pp. 130-140.
- ↑ T. van der Heyden: Orbea variegata (L.) Haworth, 1812 (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) as forage plant for the larvae of Danaus chrysippus (Linnaeus, 1758) on the Canary Islands (Spain) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Danainae). , In: SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterología , 38 (149), 2010, pp. 107-110. PDF
- ^ South Australian Butterflies - Data Sheet Danaus plexippus plexippus (Linnaeus). ( Memento of the original from February 21, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ Birgit Müller, Janine Kiel, Focke Albers and Ulrich Meve. Orbea . In: Focke Albers & Ulli Meve (Hrsg.): Succulents Lexicon Volume 3 Asclepiadaceae (silk plants). , Pp. 205-206.
- ↑ Kelly R. Dunbar and José M. Facelli: The impact of a novel invasive species, Orbea variegata (African carrion flower), on the chenopod shrublands of South Australia. , In: Journal of Arid Environments , 41, 1999, pp. 37-48. doi : 10.1006 / jare.1998.0471
- ↑ a b Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica: The ABC of plants. 10,000 species in text and images . Könemann Verlagsgesellschaft, 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 (therein page 619).
- ↑ Black-spot disease of stapeliads.
annotation
- ↑ The fruits and seeds are not described in the literature used for unknown reasons.
Web links
Wikisource: Aasblume - Article of the 4th edition of Meyers Konversations-Lexikon- Gerald S. Barad: Pollination of Stapeliads . (here also a simple schematic drawing of a pollinarium with pollinium, caudiculae (translator arms) and corpusculum)