Stacks

Stacks
	Stapelia gigantea
Systematics
Order :	Enzianartige (Gentianales)
Family :	Dog poison family (Apocynaceae)
Subfamily :	Silk plants (Asclepiadoideae)
Tribe :	Ceropegieae
Sub tribus :	Stapeliinae
Genre :	Stacks
Scientific name
	Stapelia
	L.

The stapelia ( stapelia ), often called carrion flowers like many other species , are a genus of the subfamily of the silk plants (Asclepiadoideae) in the family of the dog poison plants (Apocynaceae). The genus was named by Carl von Linné after the Dutch doctor and botanist Johannes Bodaeus van Stapel (Jan Bode van Stapel, 1602–1636).

Stapelia flavopurpurea

Stapelia gettliffeii

Stapelia grandiflora

Stapelia hirsuta

Stapelia kwebensis

Stapelia leendertziae

Stapelia rufa

Stapelia schinzii

Stapelia scitula

Stapelia similis

features

Stackies are stem succulent , perennial plants that are weak to strong, mostly basal branched. The shoots usually grow plagiotropically, i. H. the direction of growth is determined by geotropism and does not have the orientation of the shoot axis ; Shoots less often lying. Some species also form rhizome-like runners. The shoots are 6 to about 30 cm high, cylindrical and mostly almost square, rarely pentagonal or hexagonal or spiral. The corners can be rounded or pointed, the diameter is about 5 to 30 mm. The shoots are green to blue-green and the surface is glabrous or finely hairy. The mostly concave side surfaces neither have a mosaic-like pattern nor are they furrowed. The leaflets are small, pointed, pointing upwards and finely hairy. At the base there are usually a pair of small and glandular stupid rudiments . The milky juice is colorless. The inflorescence consists of single to a few flowers that open one after the other, which are usually located near the base of the shoot, more rarely also stalked or randomly distributed on the shoot. The leaves are reduced to 0.1 to 0.3 cm long scales.

The flowers are solitary or up to ten together, usually at the base of the stems. The flowers usually give off a strong carrion odor; seldom also has a sweet smell. The flower stalks are about 0.5 to 12 cm long and more or less densely covered with downy hairs. The hermaphroditic, radially symmetrical flowers are five-fold with a double perianth . The five sepals are fused at their base. The five fleshy petals are 5 to 200 mm long and are fused up to half their length. When spread out, the corolla has a diameter of 0.8 to about 40 cm; however, the size is also highly variable within a taxon. It is mostly flat, rarely pelvis or bell-shaped with deeply incised corolla lobes. The corolla lobes are usually long drawn out triangular, rounded at the end. They are usually convex in the longitudinal axis, bent outwards; inside they are more or less strongly wrinkled and hairy. The side crown has staminal and interstaminal side crown, is double-rowed and mostly with short stalk. The stem is cylindrical, five-ribbed or more or less pentagonal. The interstaminal side crown has five simple lobes, which are seldom divided into two parts, but are often concave in the longitudinal direction. The staminal corolla has flattened lobes that lie tightly on the stamens . There is only one circle with five stamens. The stamens are more or less square with no appendages. The stamens and carpels are fused together to form a so-called "gynostegium". The pollen is combined into one unit, the "pollinium". The “pollinium” is connected to the “clamp body” via two so-called “translators”. Each flower contains two upper carpels .

The follicles are spindle-shaped, arranged individually or usually in pairs. The two follicles of a pair are at an acute angle (30 to 60 °) to each other. The smooth follicles have a length of 9 to 13 cm and a diameter of 1 to 2 cm. The surface is covered with fine downy hairs, rarely also bald. Each follicle contains 60 to 140 seeds. The mostly brown seeds are oval and flat 5 to 8 mm long and 2 to 5 mm wide. They have a simple mop of white hair on one end.

The stapelia is a so-called flower of deception : by imitating the smell of carrion and resembling a flesh wound in its appearance, it pretends to be a suitable substrate for flies to lay eggs. These are attracted, lay their eggs there and are used as pollinators.

distribution

The species of the genus Stapelia are a floral element of the Capensis and are primarily native to the Republic of South Africa and Swaziland . The occurrence of the genus extends with sharply decreasing diversity further north via Namibia and Botswana , Angola , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , Zambia , Malawi to Tanzania .

Systematics

Some species that were previously classified here are now assigned to the genera Caralluma , Huernia , Orbea or Duvalia . These genera are also referred to as carrion flowers or as stars of the order .

According to Müller and Albers (in Albers and Meve, 2002) and WCSP, the genus Stapelia includes the following species:

Stapelia acuminata Masson : It occurs in the western Cape Province.
Stapelia arenosa C.A.Lückhoff : It occurs in the western Cape Province.
Stapelia asterias Masson : Cape Province.
Stapelia cedrimontana Frandsen (Syn .: stapelia montana L.C.Leach , stapelia montana var. Grossa L.C.Leach ): Southwestern Cape Province.
Stapelia clavicorona I. Verd. : Limpopo .
Stapelia concinna Masson : Cape Province (Karoo).
Stapelia divaricata Masson : South-Southwest Cape Province.
Stapelia engleriana Schlechter : Cape Province.
Stapelia erectiflora Masson : Western and West-Southwest Cape Province.
Stapelia flavopurpurea Marloth : South-central and southern Namibia to northern Cape Province.
Stapelia gettliffei Pott : Southeastern Botswana to western Mozambique and Mpumalanga .
Stapelia gigantea N.E.Br. : Southern Tropical and Southern Africa.
Stapelia glanduliflora Masson : West-Southwest Cape Province.
Stapelia grandiflora Masson , with the varieties:
- Stapelia grandiflora var. Conformis (. NEBr) Bruyn (Syn .: stapelia macowanii N. E. Brown ), stapelia macowanii var. Conformis ( (NEBrown) LCLeach ): Eastern Cape Province.
- Stapelia grandiflora var. Grandiflora (Syn .: Stapelia arnotii N.E.Br. ): Southern Africa.
Stapelia hirsuta L. , with the varieties:
- Stapelia hirsuta var. Gariepensis (Pillans) Bruyns (Syn .: Stapelia gariepensis Pillans ): Southwestern Namibia to northwestern Cape Province.
- Stapelia hirsuta var. Hirsuta (Syn .: Stapelia pulvinata Masson ): Western and Southern Cape Province.
- Stapelia hirsuta var. Praetermissa (LCLeach) ined. (Syn .: Stapelia baylissii L.C. Leach , Stapelia praetermissa L.C. Leach , Stapelia praetermissa var. Luteola L.C. Leach ): South-southeastern Cape Province.
- Stapelia hirsuta var. Tsomoensis (NEBr.) Bruyns (Syn .: Stapelia glabricaulis N.E.Br. , Stapelia peglerae N.E.Br. , Stapelia tsomoensis N.E.Br. ): Eastern Cape Province.
- Stapelia hirsuta var. Vetula (Masson) Bruyns (Syn .: Stapelia vetula Masson ): Southwestern and southern Cape Province.
Stapelia kwebensis N.E.Br. (Syn .: Stapelia longipedicellata (A.Berger) NEBr. ): Namibia to Limpopo.
Stapelia leendertziae N.E.Br. : South African province of Gauteng to KwaZulu-Natal .
Stapelia × meintjiesii I.Verd. : Limpopo.
Stapelia Obducta L.C.Leach : Eastern Cape Province.
Stapelia olivacea N.E.Br. : Cape Province to Orange Free State .
Stapelia paniculata Willd. , with the subspecies:
- Stapelia paniculata subsp. paniculata (Syn .: Stapelia immelmaniae Pillans ): West-Southwest Cape Province.
- Stapelia paniculata subsp. kougabergensis (LCLeach) Bruyn (Syn .: Stapelia kougabergensis L.C.Leach ): Southern Cape Province.
- Stapelia paniculata subsp. scitula (LCLeach) Bruyn (Syn .: Stapelia scitula L.C.Leach ): Southwestern Cape Province.
Stapelia parvula Kers : Southwestern Angola.
Stapelia pearsonii N.E.Br. : Namibia.
Stapelia pillansii N.E.Br. (Syn .: Stapelia pillansii var. Fontinalis Nel ): Southwestern Cape Province.
Stapelia remota R.A. Dyer : Namibia.
Stapelia rubiginosa Nel : Northwestern Cape Province.
Stapelia rufa Masson : Western and Southwestern Cape Province.
Stapelia schinzii A. Berger & Schlechter : With three varieties:
- Stapelia schinzii var. Schinzii : Namibia.
- Stapelia schinzii var. Angolensis Kers : Southwestern Angola to northwestern Namibia.
- Stapelia schinzii var. Bergeriana ( (Dinter) LCLeach ): Namibia.
Stapelia similis N.E.Br. : West-central and southern Namibia to north-western Cape Province.
Stapelia surrecta N.E.Br. : Southwest Cape Province.
Stapelia unicornis C.A.Lückhoff : Southern Mozambique to northern KwaZulu-Natal.
Stapelia villetiae C.A.Lückhoff : Northern Cape Province.

literature

Focke Albers and Ulli Meve (eds.): Succulent lexicon . Volume 3: Asclepiadaceae (silk plant family) . Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 978-3-8001-3982-8 .
Sigrid Liede-Schumann and Ulrich Meve: The Genera of Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae and Periplocoideae (Apocynaceae) . 2006: Stapelia - Online. (in English)

Individual evidence

↑ Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Stapelia - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 13, 2018.

Web links

Commons : Stapelien ( Stapelia ) - Collection of images, videos, and audio files

[Burkhardt2018-1] Lotte Burkhardt: Directory of eponymous plant names . Extended Edition. Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, Free University Berlin Berlin 2018. [1]

[WCSP-2] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao ^ap Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Stapelia - World Checklist of Selected Plant Families of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Last accessed on November 13, 2018.