Order of the gardeners
The Order of the Gardeners ( Ordine delle Giardiniere ) was a secret society that organized itself in the form of lodges (Vendite, own markets, sales). It was founded in Naples in 1820 and in Milan in early 1821 , but also operated in other places in Italy, such as Capua or Spoleto , and was to be regarded as part of the political movement that became known as the Carbonari .
The female members of the nobility who joined the movement dedicated to the unification of Italy were known as "belle giardiniere" (beautiful gardeners). They referred to themselves as "cugine giardiniere" based on the Carbonari model. They often gave themselves the names of flowers. To the outside world they appeared to be meeting in gardens to talk about gardening. The beginners were referred to as "giardiniere apprendenti", the advanced as "giardiniere maestre". Those who did not belong to the Carboneria were referred to as "pagano" (heather).
The gardeners acted as spies , as they had access to the Austrian military, served for the exchange of information and political debate, transported letters and mail, and hid fugitives.
One of the most important members of the lodge was Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso , who fled to Paris in the 1830s . Numerous other revolutionaries came to her salon, such as Niccolò Tommaseo , Vincenzo Gioberti and Filippo Buonarroti . Matilde (Métilde) Viscontini Dembowski (1790–1825), Stendhal's unfulfilled love, was one of the gardeners.
The painter and author Bianca Milesi was also one of the gardeners in Milan (she fled via Switzerland to Paris in 1822 ), as was Teresa Casati , who was married to Federico Confalonieri , who was sentenced to death as a traitor.
In a letter from Franz II , the Austrian emperor, to the head of the police and censorship office Josef von Sedlnitzky from 1823, these women are mentioned, as are the widows Teresa Agazzini, née Cobianchi, and Amalia Tirelli, née Cobianchi. While the Giardiniere of the north were not very militant, those of the south were imprisoned, tortured and sentenced to long prison terms as part of a military insurgency movement. The case files are in the state archives of Milan , Naples and Vienna .
swell
- Il "Catechismo" delle Giardiniere , in: Aldo Chiarle: Carboneria. Storia-documenti 1809-1831 , Istituto di studi Lino Salvini, 1999, p. 117ff.
literature
- Rachele Farina: La carboneria feminina e le giardiniere milanesi nei moti del 1821 , Cordano, Milan 1985.
- Carl Herloßsohn : Ladies Conversations Lexicon , Volume 4, Leipzig 1834, p. 318. [1]
- Ferdinand Freiherr von Biedenfeld: History and constitution of all spiritual and secular, extinct and flourishing knight orders , Vol. 1: Extinct orders , Voigt, Weimar 1841, pp. 221–222.
- Gustav Adolph Ackermann: Order book of all orders and decorations that have flourished and died in Europe , Rudolph and Dieterici, Annaberg 1855, p. 219
Web links
- Donatella Massara: Le Giardiniere , Trame femminili nel processo dì indipendenza italiano
Remarks
- ↑ Elena Doni: Donne del Risorgimento , il Mulino, 2011, p. 11.
- ↑ Il contributo dell'archidiocesi di Capua alla vita religiosa e culturale del Meridione: Atti del Convegno nazionale di studi storici promosso dalla Società di storia patria di Terra di Lavoro. 26-31 ottobre 1966, Capua, Caserta, S. Maria CV , De Luca, 1967, p. 258.
- ↑ Italo Ciaurro: L'Umbria e il Risorgimento. Contributo dato dagli Umbri all'unità d'Italia , Cappelli, 1963, p. 53.
- ↑ In a police report it is said that it is "una sezione di donne della setta dei Carbonari, le quali anziché in volgari vendite di carbone, si riuniscono nei loro giardini" (quoted from: Francesca Vigni, Pier Domenico Vigni: Donna e masoneria , Bastogi, 1997, p. 33).
- ↑ Cf. Gianna Proia: Cristina di Belgiojoso. Dal salotto alla politica , Aracne, 2010 and Cristina Trivulzio di Belgioioso .
- ↑ Bruno Etzi: Breve racconto del Risorgimento ,% om 2014, p. 21.
- ^ Dieter Diefenbach: Stendhal and Freemasonry. The literary significance of his initiation , Gunter Narr, Tübingen 1991, p. 55.