Vincenzo Gioberti
Vincenzo Gioberti (born April 5, 1801 in Turin , † October 26, 1852 in Paris ) was an Italian politician and philosopher . He is considered a pioneer of neoguelism .
Life
Gioberti studied theology at the priestly college of the Oratorians in his hometown. In 1825 he was able to successfully finish his studies and was ordained a priest that same year . He was then entrusted with a teaching position at the University of Turin . It was there that he probably had contact with Carbonari sympathizers for the first time . Gioberti was very open to the Risorgimento , as he, like the democrat Giuseppe Mazzini , strived for the unification of all Italian countries into an independent state - with Gioberti early on in favor of a “united Italy under papal leadership”.
When, after political turmoil, Karl Albert was crowned King of Sardinia-Piedmont in 1831 , he brought Gioberti to his court as a preacher. Intrigues and the impossibility of acting politically himself prompted Gioberti to resign from court in 1833. In the same year he was arrested as "Carbonari" and imprisoned for four months. Then the charges were dropped and he was exiled "for life."
Gioberti went to France and settled in Paris . In 1835 he moved to Brussels and worked there as a language teacher. When a friend opened a private school there, Gioberti was given a teaching position as a lecturer in philosophy. During these years of exile, Gioberti wrote his first political writings with which he spread his political and philosophical theories.
In mid-1845 Gioberti returned to Paris and taught there as a lecturer in theology and philosophy. When in 1846, due to King Karl Albert's liberal policies, an “ amnesty for political offenses” was declared, Giobert did not immediately accept. In the meantime he had a large following precisely because of political ideas and was enthusiastically celebrated on his arrival in Turin on April 29, 1848. He refused an office in the government of King Karl Albert and instead accepted a political office in his hometown. But between December 1848 and February 1849 Gioberti worked as Prime Minister ( President of the Council of Ministers ) of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont. When the political offices were redistributed after the coronation of King Victor Emmanuel II in March 1849, he was sent to the court in France to represent the interests of his country as representative of the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.
When Gioberti was dismissed from this post, he went to Brussels for some time to devote himself to his own research and studies. Through the instigation of Pope Pius IX. Gioberti was offered a kind of honorary pension, combined with a possible promotion within the church. Gioberti refused and spent his last years almost forgotten and in poverty in Paris. There he died of a stroke at the age of 51 on October 26, 1852.
reception
Gioberti's philosophical work was and is judged very differently. The Italian philosopher Antonio Rosmini-Serbati saw in Gioberti the last representative of medieval thought; his French colleague Victor cousin denied Gioberti the status of philosopher because he was too much in harmony with church and faith. Gioberti's philosophical theories thematize an ontology according to which the being creates the existing "ex nihilo" (out of nothing). God is the only being, everything else is pure existences. God is the source of all human knowledge (ideas), which is one and is reflected in God himself. It is derived directly from reason, but in order to be useful it has to be reflected in it, and only through linguistic means. A knowledge of beings and (concrete, not abstract) existences and their respective relationships is necessary for the beginning of philosophy.
Gioberti is in a sense a Platonist . He equates religion with civilization and, in his work Del primato morale, calls for the pope to be supreme . According to Gioberti's theories, the Holy See should lead the unified Italy into the future philosophically, theologically and politically.
In his exile Gioberti was a.o. a. influenced by his friend Paolo Pallia . After some minor work, Gioberti was able to publish the first parts of his Introduzione allo studio della filosofia from 1839 . Here he elaborates his theories, according to which religion is ultimately the expression of a "civilized life". Only through the correct (i.e. Catholic) religion can one delimit and differentiate oneself from “mere existence”.
His other writings, such as Del primato morale e civile degl'Italiani or Rinnovamento civile d'Italia , bear witness to Gioberti's orthodoxy , but also to his struggle for a better future in Italy.
In 1848, after Gioberti's return to Rome, the Jesuits set Pope Pius IX. an outlawing of some of Gioberti's writings. In the same year these were then officially banned and were added to the Librorum Prohibitorum index . The political events of the next few years brought about a liberalization that led Giuseppe Massari to publish a first edition of his work by Vincenzo Gioberti from 1856 .
Works (selection)
- Del primato morale e civile degli italiani (1843)
- Del rinnovamento civile d'Italia (1851)
- Protologia
- La filosophia della rivelazzione
literature
- Domenico Berti: Di Vincenzo Gioberti, Riformatore politico e ministro . Barbera, Florence 1881
- Giuseppe Brescia (ed.): Rosmini e Gioberti, pensatori europei . Morcelliana, Brescia 2003, ISBN 88-372-1946-6 .
- Luigi Ferri: Essai sur l'histoire de la philosophie en Italie au XIX 'siècle . Durand, Paris 1869 (2 vol.)
- Domenico Intini: La controversia fra Rosmini e Gioberti . Edizioni Rosminiane Sodalitas, Stresa 2002, ISBN 88-8387-017-4
- Pietro Luciani: Gioberti e la filosofla nuova italiana . Guerrera, Naples 1866/72 (2 vol.)
- Raffaele Mariano: La Philosophie contemporaine en Italie. Essai de philosophie Hégélienne . Baillière, Paris 1866
- Giuseppe Massari : Gioberti . In: Ders .: Uomini di destra . Laterza, Bari 1934
- Achille Mauri: Della vita e delle opere di Vincenzo Gioberti . Genoa 1853
- Marcello Mustè: La scienza ideal. Filosofia e politica in Vincenzo Gioberti . Rubbettino, Soveria Manueli 2000, ISBN 88-7284-989-6 .
- Giuseppe Prisco: Gioberti e l'ontologismo . Naples 1867
- Antonio Rosmini Serbati: Vincento Gioberti e il panteismo. Saggio di leziono filosofiche . Cedam, Padua 1970 (repr. Of the Milan 1848 edition)
- Giorgio Rumi: Gioberti . Il Mulino, Bolgna 1999, ISBN 88-15-07345-0 .
- Mario Sancipriano: Vincenzo Gioberti. Etico-politico nel Risorgimento . Edizione Studium, Rome 1997, ISBN 88-382-3755-7 .
- Charles B. Smyth: Christian Metaphysics or Plato, Malebranche and Gioberti. The old and new ontologists, compared with the modern school of psychology . Palmer Books. London 1851
- Bertrando Spaventa : La Filosofia di Gioberti . Naples 1854
- Friedrich Ueberweg: Outline of the history of philosophy . Mittler, Berlin 1896/97 (3 vol.)
- Carl Werner: The Italian Philosophy of the 18th Century . Faesy, Vienna 1884 ff
- 2. Ontologism as a philosophy of national thought . 1885
- Jean Zbinden: The political ideas of Vincenzo Gioberti. Studies on the history of early disorgimento . Haupt, Bern 1920
Web links
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| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Gioberti, Vincenzo |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Italian politician and philosopher |
| DATE OF BIRTH | April 5, 1801 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Turin |
| DATE OF DEATH | October 26, 1852 |
| Place of death | Paris |