Oroken
The Oroken , called Ulta or Uilta ( Japaneseウ ィ ル タ), are a small Tungus people who live in Russia and Japan . They must not be confused with the Oroches in the Khabarovsk region and the North Tungus oroches in China . Traditionally they were reindeer nomads who lived from fishing and hunting . In 1995 there were around 250 to 300 Oroks, but only 30 to 80 people speak Orok , a southern Tungus language. The word Uilta in Orok means "man who lives with the reindeer".
As a result of the Treaty of Portsmouth , signed on September 5, 1905 , which ended the Russo-Japanese War , the Oroken settlement area, the island of Sakhalin , was divided between Russia and Japan .
The Oroken were relocated to Otasu with the Niwchen in 1926 . Their households were recorded in a family register called genjūmin jinmeibo , which, as "outer" Koseki, did not give full Japanese citizenship .
During the Second World War , part of the Oroken fought in counter-espionage in the Japanese army ; many died in the border area between Japan and the Soviet Union . After the war, many oroks who had collaborated with the Japanese were sent to labor camps in Siberia for forced labor . After their release some of them managed to move to Hokkaidō . Their descendants still live there today among the Ainu , who had to leave Sakhalin completely because they were citizens of Japan. The vast majority of the Orokian population remained in Sakhalin, as the Japanese administration had classified them as "indigenous people" at the time, whose civil rights were tied to their place of residence. Since the territory of southern Sakhalin now belonged to the Soviet Union, from an international law perspective, their ties to Japan also expired.
Web links
- Uilta Association Website - Japanese
Individual evidence
- ↑ Chapman, David [ed.]; Japan's household registration system and citizenship: koseki, identification and documentation; London 2014 (Routledge); ISBN 9780415705448 ; P. 96f.