Niwchen

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Niwche in traditional "Icelandic" skirt - seal skin

The Niwchen (historical Russian name: Gilyaks) are among the indigenous peoples of Russia and Japan . Historically, they lived in parts of the Amur region, parts of Sakhalin and possibly northern Hokkaidō .

Flag of the Niwchen

According to the 2002 census, the number of their relatives is 5,162 people. Half of them inhabit the north of the Sakhalin Island . Following them were several ships named.

language

Their language, Niwchische heard as well as the Koryak and ketische language to any genetic entity forming Paleosiberian languages , a group of isolated languages of Siberia. The language was written down in the era of the Soviet Union. The best known Niwchian writer is Tschuner Taksami .

Relationships are mainly suspected with some indigenous language families in North America. Michael Fortescue suspects a direct relationship with the Salish languages , the Wakash languages and the Chimakum languages on the northwest coast of North America. In 2011 Fortescue expanded the relationship with the Chukchi-Kamchadal languages . The linguist Sergei L. Nikolayev sees it similarly . He is also expanding Fortescue's language family with the Algerian languages .

Origin of name

The name of the Niwchen comes from Niwchisches Nʼivxgu (Amur) or Nʼiɣvŋgun (Sakhalin). It means something like “we” or “related person”.

history

The Niwchen, or their ancestors, are regarded as indigenous people of the northern Amur region and also lived in parts of Manchuria and Sakhalin. They were in contact and trade relations with the early Han Chinese , the Ainu and the Japanese .

The first clearly clarified mention by Chinese chronicles did not take place until the 12th century. The Chinese called the Niwchen at that time “Jílièmí” and described their country as an independent kingdom with diplomatic relations with the Yuan dynasty .

Relations with the Ainu of Japan were generally aggressive and warlike, but both sides were good trading partners in peacetime.

The Mishihase (粛 填) mentioned by Chinese and Japanese sources were most likely a Niwchian tribe. The Mishihase had armed conflicts with the Ainu as well as with the Japanese. In the year 660 the Mishihase were defeated by the Japanese.

The Niwchen in Manchuria and the Amur region initially had an important political and cultural status. It is believed that the Korean kingdom of Goguryeo may have been ruled by a Niwchian clan, or that Niwchen had an important position in the kingdom. Over time, however, the Niwchen were increasingly ousted by the Koreans and Manchu and lost their status of power.

Almost all Niwchen regions had been under foreign rule since 1856. The majority of the Niwchen now lived in Russian colonies or in the Japanese Empire. The Niwchen in Russia today officially have minority rights and an autonomous province, but are still subject to discrimination from Russia.

Those living in Karafuto were relocated to Otasu together with the Oroken in 1926 . They were recorded in a family register called genjūmin jinmeibo , which as an "outer" Koseki did not give full Japanese citizenship.

Since 1990 there is a monthly newspaper in Niwchisch, which deals with political, cultural and economic issues of the Niwchen.

Today's way of life

Niwche in a harp seal skin skirt

The centuries of Russian influence on the Niwchen and other small peoples of Siberia has led to an extensive culturally Russification . In contrast, however, the Soviet Union decided in 1989 to take far-reaching measures to stop or reverse this process: Mother-tongue school classes were set up to preserve the language. Educational programs in reindeer herding, hunting and fur farming have started. These laws were adopted by the Russian state in December 1991 after the collapse of the Soviet Union.

At the 2010 census, 1603 people said they were Jukagiren.

A part of the Niwchen operates reindeer herding with seasonal changes of residence, but largely sedentary without nomadism . The most important livelihood is fishing . Fur farming , which used to be important, has largely come to a standstill due to the economic decline. Hunting for marine mammals is also practiced.

The greatest threat to the Niwchen's survival is currently posed by the international oil companies Exxon and Shell , which are building massive offshore oil production projects on the island. These had already caused massive fish deaths several times. Since the beginning of 2005, the Niwchen, together with other indigenous peoples of Sakhalin, have held several waves of non-violent protests against the oil companies.

The elected representative of the Niwchen, Alexej Limanso, visited Germany and the Netherlands in 2005 as a guest of infoe eV.

literature

Web links

Commons : Niwchen  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ウェブマガジンカムイミンタラ~北海道の風土·文化誌:オホーツク文化人とモヨロ貝塚網走流氷とともにやってきた古代民族の謎とロマンに魅せられた父子三代と研究者たち. Retrieved September 11, 2019 .
  2. ^ Richard Zgusta: The Peoples of Northeast Asia through Time: Precolonial Ethnic and Cultural Processes along the Coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait . BRILL, 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-30043-9 ( com.au [accessed September 11, 2019]).
  3. ^ Michael D. Fortescue: Language Relations Across The Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence . Bloomsbury Academic, 1998, ISBN 978-0-304-70330-2 ( google.com [accessed September 11, 2019]).
  4. ↑ Michael Fortescue: The relationship of Nivkh to Chukotko-Kamchatkan revisited . In: Lingua . tape 121 , no. 8 , June 1, 2011, ISSN  0024-3841 , p. 1359–1376 , doi : 10.1016 / j.lingua.2011.03.001 ( sciencedirect.com [accessed September 11, 2019]).
  5. ↑ Sergei L. Nikolaev / Сергей Львович Николаев: SL Nikolaev. 2015. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 1: Proof of the Algonquian-Wakashan relationship . ( academia.edu [accessed September 11, 2019]).
  6. ↑ Sergei L. Nikolaev / Сергей Львович Николаев: SLNikolaev. 2016. Toward the reconstruction of Proto-Algonquian-Wakashan. Part 2: Algonquian-Wakashan sound correspondences . ( academia.edu [accessed September 11, 2019]).
  7. ↑ Ivanov, S .; Levin, M .; Smolyak, AV (1964). "The Nikvhi". The Peoples of Siberia . The University of Chicago.
  8. ↑ Mattissen, p.515
  9. ^ Chaussonnet, p. 35
  10. ↑ ウェブマガジンカムイミンタラ~北海道の風土·文化誌:オホーツク文化人とモヨロ貝塚網走流氷とともにやってきた古代民族の謎とロマンに魅せられた父子三代と研究者たち. Retrieved September 11, 2019 .
  11. ↑ Janhunen, Juha (2005). "The Lost Languages ​​of Koguryo". Journal of Inner and East Asian Studies . 2-2 : 65-86.
  12. ^ Jesup Exhibition. February 12, 2008, accessed September 11, 2019 .
  13. ↑ "Oil majors attempt to suppress Sakhalin indigenous peoples' protest" Archived 2007-03-14 at the Wayback Machine - Sakhalin Environment Watch (SEW) - (c / o www.sakhalin.environment.ru) - January 19, 2005
  14. ↑ Chapman, David [ed.]; Japan's household registration system and citizenship: koseki, identification and documentation; London 2014 (Routledge); ISBN 9780415705448 ; P. 96 f.
  15. ↑ Shiraishi, pp. 8.14
  16. ↑ [URL https://www.gfbv.de/de/news/indigene-voelker-im-norden-russlands-und-sibiriens-174/ .] In: Information of the Society for Threatened Peoples South Tyrol, from Die kleine Völker des far north and far east of Russia. A current situation report with a historical and ethnographic introduction , Bozen 1998, accessed on September 15, 2019.
  17. ↑ National data from the 2010 census (Jukagiren line 202 )