Osman III

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Osman III (1699–1757)

Osman III ( Ottoman عثمان ثالث, Turkish Üçüncü Osman ; * January 2, 1699 in Edirne ; † October 30, 1757 in Istanbul ) was the 25th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757 .

Life

Osman III's father was Sultan Mustafa II. , his mother the Russian-born princess Şehüvar Valide Sultan (* approx. 1676; † April 26, 1756) Some historians believe it is also possible that the Princess Hadice († 1712) is his mother. Osman III followed his half-brother Mahmud I in 1754 . He had 3 wives (main wife: Leyla, two concubines: Zevki, Ferhunde Emine), but died without offspring. His cousin Mustafa III. followed him as the 26th Sultan.

Osman III was brought to the so-called » Kafes « in the prince's prison in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul at the age of 5 . He lived there for the next 51 years. Isolation and the latent mortal danger to which the Ottoman pretenders to the throne were exposed in the »kafes« impaired his mental health and intellectual abilities. Like all other inmates of the "Kafes", Osman III was also. cut off from all training and preparation for the takeover of the sultanate. Thanks to the Muslim tradition observed in the Ottoman dynasty, Osman III learned. after all, the slipper-making trade.

Osman III (1699–1757)

Osman III is characterized as an irascible and impatient, but weak and extremely curious man who suffered from inferiority complexes. Capricious, erratic, indecisive, he easily succumbed to the whispers of his surroundings. The long isolation in the prince's prison had made him a puritan bigot and shy "misogynist" who spent his days brooding and mostly in complete seclusion.

After the death of his half-brother Sultan Mahmud I on December 13, 1754, he was followed by the 55-year-old Osman III. on the same day as sultan. As an outward sign of his assumption of power, the so-called sword girdle ("Kılıç Kuşanması") took place on December 22, 1754 in the Eyup Mosque on the Golden Horn in Istanbul . It is comparable to a coronation in the western sense. On this occasion, Osman III. Pay out 1.2 million piastres as a traditional gift to the troops to ensure their loyalty.

When he took office, Osman III confirmed. initially the incumbent Grand Vizier Bâhir Mustapha Pascha, who had been appointed by his predecessor Sultan Mahmud I. As a result, Osman III tried. however, to differentiate himself as clearly as possible from his half-brother's sultanate. He dismissed the musicians and artists of Mahmud I and forbade them to enter the palace.

The reign of Osman III, which lasted just over 2 years and 10 months. do not shape any significant events. The Ottoman Empire was in a phase of stagnation. The Belgrade peace with Austria and Russia lasted. A trade treaty with Denmark was concluded, an alliance with Prussia initially failed. The years of relative external peace were not used to stabilize the empire internally. In Algeria and Egypt , the Ottoman rule loosened. In Eastern Anatolia, gangs of robbers were able to go about their mischief unmolested.

Due to a lack of experience and overview, Osman III. the politics of the empire, apart from occasional, inadequate interference, others. He was only able to put a personal stamp on his reign by changing the grand vizier seven times and by a series of prohibitions in public life in the capital and the empire.

The frequent change of the Grand Vizier corresponds to the short-sighted and erratic nature of Osman III. Of the seven grand viziers of his sultanate, a few were in office for only a few weeks, he had one grand vizier beheaded: 1. Bâhir Mustapha Pasha (June 30, 1752 to February 15, 1755), 2. Hekimoğlu Ali Pasha (February 15, 1755 to 18. May 1755), 3. Naili Abdullah Pasha (May 18, 1755 to August 24, 1755), 4. Nişancı Bıyıklı Ali (August 24, 1755 to October 25, 1755, beheaded), 5. Yirmisekizzade Mehmed Said Pasha (October 25 1755 to April 1, 1756), 6th Köse Bahir Mustapha Pascha (April 1, 1756 to January 11, 1757) and 7th Koca Raghıp Mehmed Pascha (January 11, 1757 to April 8, 1763).

Shortly after he became sultan, Osman III attacked. entered public life with a series of measures: he banned alcohol in pubs, banned women from walking in the capital on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Fridays, and traders and merchants were obliged to wear plain clothes in public. The non-Muslims (especially Christians and Jews) had to wear clothing that clearly identified them as such. These prohibitions can be seen as an expression of the excessive piety of Osman III. and his unwillingness to apply to women. However, they were already adhered to and enforced with varying degrees of consistency during his reign, but remained under his successor Sultan Mustafa III. in force.

To the dark sides of Osman III. counts the murder of his cousin, Prince Mehmed (* January 2, 1717, † January 2, 1756). While the beheading of the Grand Vizier Nişancı Bıyıklı Ali the result of a spontaneous outburst of anger Osman III. which he regretted shortly thereafter, Mehmed's death was planned. Osman III saw in the capable and respected prince a danger to himself and had him killed - probably by poison.

Several major fires in Istanbul (January 22, July 12, September 27, 1755, May 24, July 6, 1756) fall during the reign of Osman III, which destroyed parts of the capital. He was unable to implement his plan of building wide boulevards instead of narrow, intricate alleyways during the reconstruction in order to facilitate fire fighting in the event of future fires. Osman III had a certain interest in construction. After observing a shipwreck on the Marmara Sea, he set up the "Ahırkapı lighthouse" at the western entrance of the Bosporus . During his sultanate, the construction of the Nuruosmaniye Mosque (Ottoman light, light mosque of the Ottomans) in the Istanbul district of Eminönü was completed and opened by him on December 5, 1755.

Yeni Cami in Istanbul

The peculiarity of the personality of Osman III. gave rise to anecdotes and legends: Osman III. had a habit of walking around Istanbul on foot in the disguise of an alim (lawyer) . However, the residents of the capital were well aware of who it actually was. In connection with his displeasure towards women, it is reported that he wore shoes with metal studded heels. In the palace women could hear him from afar and move away. Apparently on a mix-up of Osman III. with his successor Mustafa III. based the alleged liaison with his niece Chanum Sultan.

After a short illness Osman III suffered. suffered a stroke and died on the night of October 29th to 30th, 1757 at the age of 58 in the Topkapı Palace in Istanbul . He is buried at the New Mosque in Istanbul ( Yeni Cami , Turhan Sultan Türbesi ).

literature

  • Nicolae Iorga : History of the Ottoman Empire. Depicted according to the sources. 5 volumes, Verlag Perthes, Gotha 1908–1913, reprinted Frankfurt / Main 1990
  • Hans Georg Majer: Osman III. In: Mathias Bernath, Felix von Schroeder (Ed.), Gerda Bartl (Red.): Biographical Lexicon for the History of Southeast Europe . Volume 3. Oldenbourg, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-486-48991-7 , p. 367 f.
  • Ferenc Majoros, Bernd Rill: The Ottoman Empire 1300-1922. The story of a great power . Marix, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-937715-25-8 , p.?.
  • Josef Matuz: The Ottoman Empire. Baseline of its history . 4th edition. Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2006, ISBN 3-534-20020-9
  • Gabriel Effendi Noradounghian : Recueil d'actes internationaux de l'Empire Ottoman 1300–1789. Tome I. Paris, Neufchâtel 1897. Reprint: Kraus, Nendeln 1978, ISBN 3-262-00527-4 .

Web links

Commons : Osman III.  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, pp. 83, 173 (Plate XLII); J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt , Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 196.
  2. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, p. 83.
  3. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, p. 36; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 175 f.
  4. ↑ JW Zinkeisen, History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Perthes, Gotha 1857, Volume 5, p. 847 (Rz. 1754).
  5. ^ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 429.
  6. ^ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's publishing house, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 175; F. Tóth (Ed.) / F. de Tott (Ed.) / F. de Tott, Mémoires du Baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares , Maastricht 1785, reprinted by Éditions Champion, Paris 2004, p. 67 f; GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367.
  7. ^ GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367.
  8. ^ J. Matuz, The Ottoman Empire. Basics of its history , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, p. 200.
  9. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, pp. 41, 45.
  10. ^ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 176; JW Zinkeisen, History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Perthes, Gotha 1857, Volume 5, p. 847 (Rz. 1754).
  11. ↑ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, pp. 176, 178, 230.
  12. ↑ JH Kramers , In: M. Th. Houtsma / AJ Wensinck (ed.), Enzyklopädie des Islam , Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088.
  13. ^ JH Kramers, In: M. Th. Houtsma / AJ Wensinck (eds.), Enzyklopädie des Islam , Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088; GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 368; N. Jorga, History of the Ottoman Empire , Gotha 1908–1913, Reprint Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, Volume 4, p. 463.
  14. ^ GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367; J. Matuz, The Ottoman Empire. Basics of its history , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, p. 200.
  15. ^ JH Kramers, In: M. Th. Houtsma / AJ Wensinck (eds.), Enzyklopädie des Islam , Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, pp. 184, 195 f; JW Zinkeisen, History of the Ottoman Empire in Europe , Perthes, Gotha 1857, Volume 5, p. 848 (Rz. 1754).
  16. ^ J. Matuz, The Ottoman Empire. Basics of his history , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, p. 200; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, pp. 177, 184; JH Kramers, In: M. Th. Houtsma / AJ Wensinck (eds.), `` Enzyklopädie des Islam '', Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088; GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367.
  17. ^ J. Matuz, The Ottoman Empire. Basics of his history , Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2006, p. 200; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, Reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 177.
  18. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, pp. 31, 172 (panel XLI); J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 197; GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367.
  19. ^ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's publishing house, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, pp. 177, 194; F. Tóth (ed.) / F. de Tott, Mémoires du Baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares , Maastricht 1785, reprinted by Éditions Champion, Paris 2004, pp. 65, 68.
  20. ↑ JH Kramers, In: M. Th. Houtsma / AJ Wensinck (ed.), Enzyklopädie des Islam , Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088.
  21. ↑ Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 183; GH Majer, In: M. Bernath / F. von Schroeder, Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte Südosteuropas , Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 1977, Volume 3 (LP), p. 367; F. Tóth (eds.) / F. de Tott, Mémoires du Baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares , Maastricht 1785, reprinted by Éditions Champion, Paris 2004, p. 67.
  22. ↑ J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, p. 177.
  23. ↑ F. Tóth (ed.) / F. de Tott, Mémoires du Baron de Tott sur les Turcs et les Tartares , Maastricht 1785, reprinted by Éditions Champion, Paris 2004, pp. 82, 87; N. Jorga, History of the Ottoman Empire , Gotha 1908–1913, reprint Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1990, Volume 4, p. 463, cf. but on the other hand: J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, reprint Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, Graz 1963, Volume 8, pp. 209 f.
  24. ^ AD Alderson, The structure of the Ottoman Dynasty , Clarendon, Oxford 1956, p. 110; JH Kramers, In: M. Th. Houtsma, AJ Wensinck (Eds.), Enzyklopädie des Islam , Brill, Leiden 1936, Volume 3, p. 1088; J. von Hammer-Purgstall, History of the Ottoman Empire , Hartleben's Verlag, Pest 1833, Volume 8, p. 197.
predecessor Office successor
Mahmud I. Sultan and Caliph of the Ottoman Empire
1754–1757 		Mustafa III.
personal data
SURNAME Osman III
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Sultan of the Ottoman Empire
DATE OF BIRTH January 2, 1699
PLACE OF BIRTH Edirne
DATE OF DEATH October 30, 1757
Place of death Istanbul