SS-N-19 Shipwreck

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SS-N-19 Shipwreck

P-700 granite sketch.svg

General Information
Type Anti-ship missile
Local name P-700 granite, 3M45
NATO designation SS-N-19 Shipwreck
Country of origin Soviet Union 1955Soviet Union Soviet Union / RussiaRussiaRussia 
Manufacturer OKB-52 Chelomei
development 1969
Commissioning 1983
Working time in service
Technical specifications
length 8.84 m
diameter 853 mm
Combat weight 7360 kg
span 2600 mm
Drive
First stage
Second stage
Solid fuel booster
KR-93- Turbojet
speed Mach 2.5 (soaring), Mach 1.5 (soaring)
Range 200-700 km
Service ceiling 17,000 m
Furnishing
steering Inertial navigation platform , 2-way data link
Target location active or passive radar target search or HOJ
Warhead 750 kg high explosive armor piercing or nuclear warhead 350–500  kT
Detonator Impact and delay detonators
Weapon platforms Ships and submarines
Lists on the subject

SS-N-19 Shipwreck is the NATO code for a sea-based anti-ship missile from Soviet production. The system designation in the Russian armed forces is P-700 Granit , the GRAU index is 3M45 . The SS-N-19 is the world's heaviest and largest anti-ship missile.

development

The SS-N-19 was developed as the successor system to the SS-N-9 Siren . Compared to the SS-N-9, the new missile should have a higher airspeed, a longer range and improved survivability. Like the previous model, the SS-N-19 was designed to combat strategic sea targets such as aircraft carriers , cruisers and amphibious assault ships . Development at OKB-52 Tschelomei (later NPO Maschinostrojenija ) began in 1969. After an unusually long development period, the first guided missiles were installed on the nuclear battle cruiser "Kirow" (later renamed "Admiral Uschakow"), a ship of the Kirov Class installed. After final tests on the Kirow, the following units were equipped with the SS-N-19:

technology

The SS-N-19 is primarily used to combat strategic ship targets. Land targets can also be fought in a secondary role. The SS-N-19 can be launched from ships and submarines. The 3M45 guided missiles can be launched from the surfaced or submerged submarine, individually or in short series. They are housed in cylindrical starting silos. These are installed under the ship deck at an angle of 80 ° to the vertical. In the Oscar-class submarines, the launch silos are located between the outer and inner hulls. The launch takes place by means of a rocket booster on the rear of the guided missile. After the guided missile has reached a certain height, the wings unfold and the rocket booster is thrown off. After that ignites the KR-93 - Turbojet -Marschtriebwerk.

The granite missile complex includes a complex fire control system for fighting a carrier group or a naval war unit . The fire control system was equipped with a software package to control and coordinate a rocket salvo of up to 24 guided weapons against a ship formation at the same time. In order to start the fight, the approximate positions and the courses of the targets must be recorded in the fire control system. These are determined from the launch platform using sonar , radar or ELINT . Likewise, the target data can also come from Tu-95R-Bear-D or Ka-25-Hormone-B education platforms. In addition, satellite data (e.g. from RORSAT ) can be received via the Legenda target system . A number of missiles are programmed on the primary target (aircraft carrier) while the other missiles in the volley are programmed on other ships in the formation. The guided missiles are started in a time interval of five seconds. After the start, a predetermined guided missile takes the lead. While the other guided missiles remain low, the guided missile rises to an altitude of 12,000–17,000 m in order to increase its range. The cruise flight into the target area takes place autonomously with the help of the inertial navigation platform , with the guided weapons flying in a preprogrammed formation. A radar altimeter ensures the necessary safety distance between the guided weapons and the sea surface. Updated target data can be sent from the launch platform to the missile via a data link . During the cruise flight, the guided missile uses the on-board passive radar search head to determine target data about the current position of the targets. If the guided weapon salvo arrives in the previously calculated target area, the guided missile activates the on-board active radar seeker. The radar seeker works in a frequency range of 10–12  GHz (J-band) and 27–40 GHz (K-band). The latter is used for the target search in the target approach. If the target has been detected by the radar seeker, the active radar seeker is switched off and the missile is guided to the target using the passive radar seeker. This is based on the electromagnetic emissions (radar, interference systems) that the target emits. If the missile loses its target, the active radar seeker is immediately reactivated. The determined target data are sent via a data link to the remaining missiles in the salvo and to the launch platform. The other missiles continue to maintain their low approach vector to make early detection and countermeasures difficult. If the guided missile is destroyed, its role can be assigned to another. In the final phase of the target approach, all guided missiles activate their own radar seeker head and randomly perform abrupt evasive maneuvers with a lateral acceleration of 18  g . In addition, the on-board active electronic jamming system is activated in order to disrupt the missile defense systems of the ships. As soon as the primary target of a carrier group is destroyed, the remaining missiles in the volley attack the other ships in the carrier group. To protect against close-range defense systems (e.g. Phalanx CIWS ) and fragments from anti-aircraft missiles , the fuselage of the SS-N-19 is provided with titanium armor . The missile is equipped with a 750 kg armor-piercing fragmentation warhead. The rocket can also be equipped with a nuclear warhead with an explosive power of 350 or 500  kt . There is also a warhead with submunition .

If no target data is available, a so-called lock-on after launch can also be carried out with the SS-N-19 . In this case, the SS-N-19 will be launched into an area without knowing a target position. Once in the target area, the guided weapon searches for targets with the active and passive seeker head. The determined radar data are sent to the launch platform via the 2-way data link . If targets are discovered, the operators can select a target and give the missile the order to attack. With the granite missile complex, the guided missiles can also be programmed to different trajectories and courses, so that they arrive at the target area from different directions and at different altitudes at the same time. The following flight profiles are possible:

  • High-high: cruise flight at Mach 2.5 at an altitude of 14–17 km, dive at an angle of 80 ° towards the target, range 550–700 km
  • High-Low: Cruising flight at Mach 2.5 at an altitude of 14 km, approaching a target in low flight at a height of 25 m, range 450–525 km
  • Low-Low: Low-level flight at Mach 1.5, range 200–350 km

Strategic importance

The SS-N-19 was designed to sink a large warship with a single hit, or at least render it incapable of operation. With the nuclear variant, an entire fleet can be destroyed in one fell swoop. Until the end of the Cold War , practically nothing was known in the West about the SS-N-19. When Western intelligence services learned more about the SS-N-19, it caused quite a stir there. Worldwide there was no missile defense system with which the SS-N-19 could have been fought effectively. Even with the newly developed Aegis combat system of the US Navy , combat seemed difficult to achieve. Due to the extremely low altitude and the high airspeed, the attacked ship only has around 20 seconds to take countermeasures if the missile has not been detected by an external reconnaissance system beforehand. The passively and actively working seeker head and the arbitrary course changes in the target approach also make combat difficult. Likewise, the nuclear warhead can be detonated at a distance of 1 to 2 km from the target, so that the missile does not penetrate into the effective range of the short-range defense systems , but can still cause great damage.

The SS-N-19 also has some disadvantages compared to conventional anti-ship missiles. Due to their size, ships can only accommodate a limited number of missiles. A very expensive and complex system was also created with the SS-N-19. In addition, the large guided missiles generate a large radar cross-section and the missile fuselage (especially the tip of the guided missile and the wings) is strongly heated by the high flight speed. These two factors in turn favor localization and control.

variants

  • P-700 Granit: (3M45) version for surface vessels
  • P-700P Granit-P: (3M45P) version for submarines
  • Granit-2: (3M45-2) improved version, developed between 2001 and 2010; with 3M45-2 guided weapon with new seeker head, improved engine and new electronics, cruising speed Mach 2.8, range up to 800 km

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Russian / Soviet Sea-based Anti-Ship Missiles In: scribd.com. DTIG, November 2005, accessed August 12, 2015.
  2. ↑ a b c d e Duncan Lennox: Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems. Jane's Information Group , 2005, ISBN 0-7106-0880-2 .
  3. ↑ a b Conway’s All the World's Fighting Ships. 1947-1995. US Naval Institute Press, ISBN 1-55750-132-7 .
  4. ↑ a b Крылатая противокорабельная ракета П-700 Гранит (3М-45). In: rbase.new-factoria.ru. Retrieved March 27, 2014 (Russian).
  5. ↑ a b c Комплекс П-50 / П-700 Гранит - SS-N-19 SHIPWRECK. In: militaryrussia.ru. Retrieved March 27, 2014 (Russian).
  6. ↑ Ракета П-700 «Гранит». In: testpilot.ru. Retrieved March 27, 2014 (Russian).
  7. ^ A b Soviet / Russian Cruise Missiles: Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0805. In: ausairpower.net. Retrieved March 27, 2014 (English).