Admiral Kuznetsov class

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Project 1143.5
Project 1143.5 Carrier Admiral Kuznetsov (1991)
Project 1143.5 Carrier Admiral Kuznetsov (1991)
Ship data
Ship type Aircraft carrier
Shipyard Shipyard 444 Nikolayev
Construction period 1982 to 1991
Units built 3
Ship dimensions and crew
length
306.45 m ( Lüa )
270 m ( KWL )
width Flight deck: 71.96 m
Draft Max. 9.76 m
displacement
  • Empty: 46,540 t
  • Use: 61,390 t
 
crew 1,980 men
Machine system
machine 8 × steam boiler KVG-4

4 × TV-12-4 steam turbines

Machine
performance 		4 × 50,000 PS (36,775 kW)
Top
speed 		29 kn (54 km / h)
propeller 4th
Armament
Furnishing
Aircraft

Project 1143.5 , designated by NATO as the Admiral Kuznetsov class , is a class of aircraft carriers of the Soviet and Russian Navy , named after Admiral Nikolai Gerassimowitsch Kuznetsov (1904–1974). According to the Soviet interpretation, Project 1143.5 was the fifth ship of Project 1143 ; However, since the design differs fundamentally from its four predecessors, it is normally considered a separate class of ship. Two ships of this class were built, the first of which is in service in the Russian Navy. The second aircraft carrier of this class, still in an unfinished state, was sold to the People's Republic of China in 2000 and, after a lengthy phase of equipment and modernization, was commissioned by the Navy of the People's Republic of China in 2012 as Liaoning . With the Shandong , another aircraft carrier for the Chinese Navy is currently in its final equipment, which is based on the Admiral Kuznetsov class .

history

Front view of project 1143.4 Baku (1988)
Front view of Project 1143.5 Admiral Kuznetsov with the characteristic ski jump bow. The type and arrangement of the radar systems and the flight control system largely correspond to those of Project 1143.4.

The Soviet Navy gained its first experience of the development and usability of aircraft carriers through the flight deck cruisers of projects 1123 ( Moskva- class ) and 1143 ( Kiev- class ). Both classes of ships, however, were not to start in a position to conventional aircraft: Project 1123 was only with helicopters equipped, Project 1143 was in addition to helicopters and VTOL aircraft of type Yak-38 carry.

Early plans for Project 1143 had already provided for the use of powerful combat aircraft, but this was not technically possible at the time. The plans for a new ship were developed by the Nevsky Planning Bureau from 1979 to June 1980 and approved by the Navy in 1982. Once again, the use of a steam-powered catapult was not used, and a ski jump with a 14 ° slope at the bow was planned in its place to support the aircraft take-off. A hangar 153 m long and 26 m wide was planned for aircraft, which is connected to the flight deck by two elevators on the side of the ship.

The bridge structure and the drive configuration of the Project 1143.4 cruiser Admiral Gorschkow were largely retained; however, additional fuel supply increased the range of project 1143.5.

Classification

The Admiral Kuznetsov class is not officially classified as an aircraft carrier, but as a heavy flight deck cruiser (Russian: Тяжёлый авианесущий крейсер (ТАКР); transcription: Tjascholy avianessuschtschi kreisser) .dt .: heavy flight deck cruiser (TAKR). The main reason for this lies in the Treaty of Montreux . This allows Turkey to deny aircraft carriers the passage of the Dardanelles . Although Project 1143.5 is generally referred to in the literature as an aircraft carrier, Turkey allowed the type ship of the class to pass through the strait in December 1991 without raising any official protest.

Hull and drive

Dimensions

The length of the ship on the waterline is 270 m. The flight deck, which protrudes over the fuselage, is around 300 m long and measures almost 72 m at its widest point. When fully loaded, the ships have a draft of 10 m. In Project 1143.5, the fuselage is double-walled and divided by three continuous longitudinal bulkheads. Ammunition stores for aircraft and ship armament are housed in additional armored rooms.

Flight deck

On the flight deck of Project 1143.5 there are three different take-off positions.
Shot from the flight deck (January 1996)

The area of ​​the flight deck is 14,700 m². The Admiral Kuznetsov class works with a STOBAR take- off and landing system: At the bow there is a ski jump that rises by 12 ° . There are no catapults to accelerate the aircraft. This means that the aircraft stationed today can never take off with a full weapon load. Safety ropes are installed for landing. There are three take-off positions on the flight deck.
The hangar is connected to the flight deck by two elevators. These are located to starboard , one each in front of and behind the island.

drive

Contrary to the expectations of Western analysts that the Admiral Kuznetsov class would be equipped with a CONAS system similar to that of the Kirov class , the Soviet Navy opted for a conventional drive.

The drive of the Admiral Kuznetsov class consists of eight narrow- tube water-tube boilers with superheating and four steam turbines, each of which has an output of 50,000 hp. These propel the ship on four shafts with fixed screws. The maximum speed that can be achieved is over 29  knots . At an ideal speed of 18 knots, the range is around 15,000 km.

Armament

Cruise missiles

In contrast to the US aircraft carriers, the Soviet Navy also stationed powerful anti-ship guided missiles on their flight deck cruisers from Project 1143. Since Project 1143.5 was supposed to cover a similar range of tasks as the flight deck cruiser, it kept the equipment with twelve guided missiles of the type P-700 (NATO code: SS-N-19 Shipwreck), which had already been used in Project 1143.4. The weapons have a range of approx. 550 km and can either carry a warhead with 750 kg of conventional explosives or a nuclear warhead with an explosive force of 350 kilotons.

In order to be able to build a continuous flight deck in spite of this armament, the launch tubes for the weapons were placed inside the fuselage and a solid hatch was installed over each tube in the flight deck on the forecastle. If the rockets are to be launched, flight operations in the front half of the ship must therefore be stopped.

Air defense

For air defense at short and medium distances, again similar to the equipment of Project 1143.4, 24 eight-fold starters in four groups of six for 3K95 Kinschal (NATO code: SA-N-15 Gauntlet) are installed. The missiles have a range of up to 12 km and a maximum deployment height of 6 km. They can be used against both aircraft and anti-ship missiles.

Project 1143.5 continues to have several short range defense systems. Eight Kortik towers have been installed, consisting of two six-barrel Gatling cannons of the GSch-6-30 type and two quadruple launchers for anti-aircraft missiles of the 9M311 type . The rockets are used to combat missiles at a distance of 1.5-10 km, the Gatling cannons for combat up to 1.5 km. In addition to the cortic systems, six six-barreled 30-mm machine guns of the type AK-630 are installed, which also function as close-range defense.

Two ten-tube depth bomb launchers of the type RBU-12000 have been installed to combat underwater targets . They have a range of up to 3 km and can attack targets on the surface or to a depth of 600 m. An essential purpose here is the defense against enemy torpedoes.

Air group

A Sukhoi Su-33 on the aircraft carrier Admiral-Kuznetsov shortly before take-off

During the planning phase of the Admiral Kuznetsov class it was planned to station up to 52 air units on the carriers. This included conventional aircraft, vertical takeoffs and numerous helicopters.

The stationing of:

However, the development of the Yak-141 was stopped in 1991 due to lack of money. So only the twelve Su-33s could be stationed on the Admiral Kuznetsov . However, these too were only put into service in 1994, three years after the commissioning of Admiral Kuznetsov himself.

In the following years the following aircraft were stationed on the Admiral Kuznetsov :

  • 12 Sukhoi Su-33 fighters,
  • 05 trainers Sukhoi Su-25 UTG ,
  • 24 Kamow Ka-27 helicopters in different versions.

In 2007 the Admiral Kuznetsov was overhauled and partially rebuilt. Here, too, the number of stationed aircraft and types was changed again.

The following aircraft are currently stationed on the Admiral Kuznetsov :

  • 20–24 Sukhoi Su-33 fighters,
  • 16-18 helicopters Kamow Ka-27 and Kamow Ka-31 .

crew

The crew of Project 1143.5 consists of 1,980 seafarers. Of these, 520 are officers, 322 are mates and 1,138 are sailors.

Ships of project 1143.5

Admiral Kuznetsov

Under the name Tbilisi ( Russian Тбилиси ) 1143.5, the ship was laid down on September 1, 1982 in Nikolajew . After Leonid Brezhnev's death in November 1982, the unfinished ship was christened in his name. After being launched in December 1985, the ship went into the final equipment and was given its original name again in 1987. The commissioning took place in 1990. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the city of Tiblisi was in Georgia , but the aircraft carrier belonged to Russia , which is why it was renamed again. He has therefore been named Admiral Flota Sovetskowo Sojusa Kuznetsov (Russian Адмирал флота Советского Союза Кузнецов), after Nikolai Kuznetsov , an admiral of the Soviet Union who fell out of favor in the 1960s because of his disgrace in the Soviet Union, since October 4, 1990 and had been demoted . The ship is in active service with the Russian Navy. It has been overhauled several times since its commissioning and was involved in numerous maneuvers by the Northern Fleet .

Liaoning

As Riga ( Russian Рига ) 1143.6, the ship was laid on December 6, 1985, two days after her sister ship was launched, in Nikolayev. It was launched on November 25, 1988. The equipment was delayed and after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1990 the ship was named Varyag ( Russian Варяг ), after the Russian name for the Varangians . In 1992, the construction of the ship, which was around seventy percent complete, was stopped due to funding shortfalls. The Varyag first became the property of the Ukraine and was then sold to the People's Republic of China , which initially stated that it wanted to convert it into a floating hotel. The contract partner "Chong Lot Travel Agency Ltd." later turned out to be the front company of the Chinese Navy. The ship was equipped in the port of Dalian and completed as an aircraft carrier. It left the port on August 10, 2011 for its first test drive. On September 25, 2012, it entered service under the name Liaoning by the Navy of the People's Republic of China .

Shandong

In 2013, work began on the first aircraft carrier developed by China itself under the project name Type 001A . In April 2017 the ship was launched.

Project 1143.7

This was a further development of Project 1143.5, which should follow the two built ships of the class. The main difference was a nuclear drive, which was to consist of two pairs of pressurized water reactors and their associated turbines. At 321 meters in length, the water displacement should increase to up to 74,900 tons. The Ulyanovsk was laid down on November 25, 1988 and scrapped in 1991 due to lack of funding.

Evidence and references

Remarks

  1. ↑ 59,100 t are given as part of a range calculation by Wladimir Sablozki in the heavy flight deck cruiser “Admiral Kuznetsov” from 2005 on page 10, while Balakin / Sablozki put 61,390 t in Soviet aircraft carriers. [The] aircraft carrier Admiral Gorshkov from 2007 on page 166 mentioned.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Heribert Schaller: Possibilities and Limits of Maritime Arms Control , p. 31.
  2. ↑ Заблоцкий В. П .: Морская коллекция 7 (76) 2005 Тяжёлый авианесущий крейсер "Адмирал Кузнецов" , p. 10.
  3. ↑ First Chinese aircraft carrier goes on a test drive. In: FAZ online, August 10, 2011, accessed on August 12, 2011.
  4. ↑ First aircraft carrier strengthens China's navy. In: Spiegel Online . September 25, 2012, Retrieved September 25, 2012 .
  5. ↑ Aircraft carrier “made in China”. In: tagesschau.de. April 26, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2018 .
  6. ↑ China's new aircraft carrier suggests a powerful navy in the works. In: Popular Science. April 27, 2017, accessed April 13, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Павлов А.С .: Рождение и гибель седьмого авианосца , p. 24.

literature

  • В. П. Заблоцкий: Морская коллекция 7 (76) 2005: Тяжёлый авианесущий крейсер "Адмирал Кузнецов" (approximately: Wladimir Sablozki " ), Kuser Schwerzow 2005 (Russian Admiralty). 2005: Navy collection number 7 (76 Russian).
  • Сергей Балакин, Владимир Заблоцкий: Советские авианосцы. Авианесущие крейсера адмирала Горшкова , (for example: Sergej Balakin, Vladimir Sablozki: Soviet aircraft carriers. [The] aircraft carriers Admiral Gorshkov ), 2007, ISBN 978-5-699-20954-5 (Russian).
  • А. С. Павлов: Рождение и гибель седьмого авианосца (for example: AS Pavlov: Birth and Death of the Seventh Bearer ), 2000 (Russian).
  • Heribert Schaller: Possibilities and limits of maritime arms control . Duncker & Humblot, Berlin 1993, ISBN 3-428-07927-2 .

Web links

Commons : Admiral Kuznetsov class  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files