Sverdlov class
 Project 68bis cruiser Admiral Ushakov , 1981
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Project 68bis ( Russian проект 68-бис ) or, after the type ship, Sverdlov class , was a class of light cruisers of the Soviet Navy during the Cold War . The ships of the Swerdlowklasse were the last cruiser with world artillery main armament , which after the end of World War II on keel was laid. 14 Sverdlov cruisers were completed when the construction program was halted by order of Khrushchev in 1955 because artillery cruisers were obsolete due to the appearance of guided missiles .
Planning and construction
The ships are considered an improved and slightly enlarged version of Project 68 . Main armament, machinery and armor were identical, but more fuel could be carried. In addition, the hull of Project 68bis was welded, and underwater protection, air defense and radar were improved.
Lines and design are based on the Italian “Montecuccoli” class , but also reminded experts and visitors of the ship of the heavy cruisers of the “ Hipper class ”. The division of the upper deck by a short structure at the level of the first funnel, which also divides the multi-purpose artillery battery, is unusual.
technology
Machine system
Project 68bis was powered by a conventional steam turbine system. In six steam boilers was heavy oil burned to evaporate water and to operate with the vapor pressure two TW7 turbines. The turbines transmitted the power to two shafts that drove two three- bladed propellers. The steam boilers were set up slightly offset one behind the other on the longitudinal axis of the ships. Three boilers each discharged their exhaust gases through a chimney .
Armament
The main armament consisted of twelve 152 mm guns. They were placed in four triple turrets on the longitudinal axis of the ships, two each on the stern and on the back . "Tower B" and "Tower C" stood on extended barbettes so that they could fire over the lower towers A and D. B-38 guns with a caliber of 152.4 mm and a caliber length of 57 were installed in the turrets . Each of these guns could fire around seven rounds per minute and had a range of up to 30 kilometers.
Twelve 100 mm guns in six twin turrets formed the middle artillery . The SM-5 multi-purpose guns in these turrets were intended to be used against ship and land as well as air targets. With a caliber length of 70, they could shoot an HE grenade around 25 kilometers, while aerial targets up to a height of 16 kilometers could be fought.
32 automatic guns were installed for close-range air defense - significantly fewer than on British or US cruisers. These were installed in open W-11 twin mounts, 4 on the bridge structure, 4 next to the bridge structure, 2 amidships and 6 on the aft structure.
Two five-fold torpedo sets were installed between the funnels, one each on port and starboard. They could fire PTA-53-68 torpedoes, but were removed from many ships of the class in later years.
All cruisers of this type could also be used as mine layers in an emergency by carrying sea mines on deck , which were pushed to the stern via guide rails and set down there.
Fire control and sensors
The fire control of the main artillery on Project 68bis was based on two optical "KDP2-8" - ( Russian КДП2-8 ) - coincidence range finders on the ship superstructures, one of which was located on the bridge superstructure and one on the aft superstructure. Each of these range finders had two base units, the arms of which protruded on both sides of the armored observation post.
Two small "SPN-500" fire control devices ( Russian: СПН-500 ) were set up amidships, one each on port and starboard, behind the forward chimney. These devices combined an optical range finder (NATO: "Wasp Head") with a short base length, with a "Jakor-M" fire control radar ( Russian Якорь-М ) (NATO: "Sun Visor").
"Tower B" and "Tower C" each had a simple radar device for target location and fire control on the tower roof. The device of the type "Schtag B" ( Russian Штаг-Б ) (NATO: "Top Bow") could locate large ship targets up to 22 km away. At a distance of around 18 km, it determined data that were accurate enough to allow the artillery to fire on it.
Each of the four main turrets had two simple periscopes that could be used for simple direct aiming if the rest of the fire control system failed.
Like the towers "B" and "C" of the main artillery, the towers of the medium artillery each had a "Schtag B" fire control radar (here, however, with the NATO name: "Egg Cup") on the right part of the tower roof.
The ships in Project 68bis had several systems for locating air and surface contacts , some of which were supplemented and replaced over the course of their long service life.
Originally the type ship Sverdlov had in addition to the aforementioned fire control sensors a simple radar system consisting of a "Fakel-MS" - ( Russian Факел-МЗ ) and "Fakel-MO" - ( Russian Факел-МО ) transmitter-receiver combination assembled on the mast tips of the aft and the front mast.
Most of the ships in the class were later upgraded and modernized. After the conversion to Project 70-E with reinforced anti-aircraft armament , the Dzerzhinsky carried a “Big Net” and a “Slim Net” aerial search radar, a “Low Sieve” radar for surface search and a “Fang Song-E” fire control radar for the anti-aircraft missiles.
Armor
In keeping with their role as capital artillery ships, the cruisers were heavily armored compared to contemporary ships. An armored rectangular box in the hull - the citadel - formed the basis of the armor protection. It led from "Tower A" on the forecastle via the engine rooms to behind "Tower D" on the stern. The outer wall of the citadel was formed by belt armor with a thickness of 100 mm, the ceiling was made of 50 mm armored steel . To the front it was closed by a 120 mm thick armor plate in the fuselage and to the aft by a 100 mm armor plate.
The belt armor continued over the length of the citadel to the tip of the bow, but was only 20 mm thick outside the citadel.
The steering gear, which was located above the rudder in the stern and thus outside the citadel, was located in a small, armored compartment with 100 mm thick outer walls and a 50 mm thick roof made of armored steel.
Supported on the citadel were the four armored barbeds of the main turrets. Their cylindrical structures, which housed the ammunition feed for the guns, were made of 175 mm thick armor steel. The towers of the main artillery themselves were protected all around with 75 mm armor steel, but had a 175 mm thick armor plate on their front.
The 100-mm anti-aircraft artillery, however, was only weakly protected. For each twin tower it had a 20 mm thick front plate made of armored steel and 10 mm thick all-round protection. The associated barbeds were armored with 20 mm thick armored steel walls.
The superstructures on the ships were protected with 10 mm thick steel walls, but the navigating bridge behind “Tower B” was well protected with 130 mm thick walls and a 100 mm thick ceiling. It was connected to the citadel inside the ship by an armored elevator with 50 mm thick walls.
The two rangefinders had a 14 mm thick protection.
Conversions
Project 64
Project 64 was a draft in which the conversion of the cruisers to modern guided missile cruisers with three quadruple sets for P-6 sea target and two twin launchers for anti-aircraft missiles was examined.
Project 67EP
In 1955, the two main gun turrets on the forecastle of the Admiral Nachimow were removed in order to install a launching device for P-1 anti-ship missiles (NATO: SS-N-1). The project was not pursued any further and Admiral Nakhimov was used for fire tests.
Project 67bis
Designates the planned installation of four five - tube sets with P-6 marine target missiles.
Project 68 bis-ZIF
Was a project to strengthen air defense capacity. The 37 mm W-11 guns were to be replaced by heavy weapons.
Project 68A
Reinforcement of the close-range air defense with 8 AK-230 automatic cannons. For this purpose, the bridge structure was extended aft so that it enclosed the front chimney so that 4 of the weapons could be set up here. The other 4 stood on a new structure on the forecourt above the battle bridge. The weight of the additional fixtures increased the maximum water displacement from 16,340 tons to 17,790 tons. Michail Kutuzov and two other ships were converted in this way.
Project 70-E
An attempt to meet the current threat from air strikes was implemented under the identifier Project 70-E. The "Tower C" of Dzerzhinsky in 1960 and removed him until 1962 through a twin-starter for the Navy version of the S-75 - air missile : replace (NATO SA-N-2). The rear "KDP2-8" fire control device was replaced by a fire control radar for the anti-aircraft missiles.
Project 68 U-1
Similar to Project 70-E, anti-aircraft missiles, here of the Osa-M type , were installed on the Zhdanov in 1968 and 1971 instead of the "Tower C". In addition, the ship received four AK-230 guns. The water displacement increased to 18,020 tons as a result of the modifications.
Project 68 U-2
The armament of Admiral Senjawin was changed, similar to that of the Zhdanov , by OSA-M missiles, but here both turrets at the aft were removed and eight AK-230 guns were installed. The water displacement only increased to 17,900 tons.
Ships of project 68bis
Since 1948, 21 units of this ship class have been planned, 17 laid down and 14 completed. The development of cruisers was canceled for several ships, some of them were completed as hulks or supply ships. As the last ship of the Sverdlov class, the Mikhail Kutuzov was taken out of active service in 1994.
Sverdlov
The Sverdlov ( Russian Свердлов ), named after Jakob Sverdlov , was the type ship of the class. She was laid down on October 15, 1949 at shipyard 189 in Leningrad . It was launched on July 5, 1950 and was completed two years later after the expansion was completed. From August 31, 1952, she served in the Black Sea Fleet . In June 1953, on the occasion of the coronation celebrations for Elizabeth II , the ship took part in the naval parade of warships of several nations organized by Great Britain. There were 900 officers on board. The Sverdlov was scrapped in 1989.
Dzerzhinsky
The cruiser Dzerzhinsky ( Russian Дзержинский ), named after the head of the secret service Felix Dzerzhinsky , was laid down by shipyard 444 in Mykolaiv on December 21, 1948 and launched on August 31, 1950. After its commissioning on August 30, 1953, it performed its service in the Black Sea Fleet. From 1962 it was converted to Project 70-E, with one of its aft towers being replaced by a launcher for anti-aircraft missiles. It was scrapped in 1989.
Ordzhonikidze
The Ordzhonikidze ( Russian Орджоникидзе ) was named after Grigory Ordzhonikidze and was laid down at shipyard 194 in Leningrad on October 19, 1949. She was launched on September 17, 1950, entered service on August 31, 1952 and used in the Baltic Fleet and later in the Black Sea Fleet. British diver Lionel Crabb disappeared in 1956 while secretly inspecting the ship for MI6 when it was in Portsmouth harbor . In 1962 she was transferred to Indonesia and in 1963 it was removed from the Soviet fleet lists. After around ten years of service in the Indonesian Navy under the name Irian , the ship was sold for scrapping in 1972.
Zhdanov
The cruiser Schdanow ( Russian Жданов ), named after Andrei Schdanow , was laid down at shipyard 189 on February 11, 1950 and launched on December 27, 1950. After its commissioning on January 25, 1953, the ship did its service in the Baltic fleet. From 1968 it was converted to Project 68U-1 and received an anti-aircraft missile system instead of the Tower C and additional anti-aircraft guns. The ship was assigned to the Black Sea Fleet and was used for observation in the Mediterranean during several international conflicts. It was only decommissioned in 1989 and scrapped in the scrapping yards near Alang in India in 1991 .
Alexander Nevsky
As Alexander Newski ( Russian Александр Невский ), named after the historical hero Alexander Newski , she was laid down at shipyard 194 on May 30, 1950. After her launch on June 7, 1951, she was put into service on February 15, 1953. She was part of the Northern Fleet . It was scrapped in 1989.
Admiral Nakhimov
The cruiser Admiral Nachimow ( Russian Адмирал Нахимов ), named after Admiral Pawel Nachimow , was laid down at shipyard 444 in Mykolaiv on June 27, 1950. It was launched on June 29, 1951 and entered service on February 8, 1953. It was converted from 1955 to Project 67EP and equipped with anti-ship missiles. The project was unsuccessful and the ship was used for testing before being scrapped in 1962.
Admiral Ushakov
The Admiral Uschakow ( Russian Адмирал Ушаков ), named after Admiral Fyodor Uschakow , was laid down on August 31, 1950 at shipyard 189 in Leningrad. It was launched on September 29, 1951. After its commissioning on September 19, 1953, it was initially part of the Baltic Fleet before being transferred to the Northern Fleet in 1956. In 1963 she joined the Black Sea Fleet, where she remained until she was decommissioned in 1983. It was removed from the fleet list in 1987 and sold for scrapping in 1992.
Admiral Lazarev
The cruiser Admiral Lasarew ( Russian Адмирал Лазарев ), named after Admiral Mikhail Lasarew , was laid down on February 6, 1951 at shipyard 194 and launched on June 29, 1952. It entered service on February 8, 1954. She was part of the Northern Fleet, but was transferred to the Pacific Fleet in 1956. In 1986 it was removed from the fleet list and in 1991 it was sold to India for scrapping.
Alexander Suvorov
The Alexander Suworow ( Russian Александр Суворов ), named after the Russian national hero Marshal Alexander Suvorov , was laid down by shipyard 189 on February 26, 1951 and launched on May 15, 1952. After her completion on February 18, 1954, she was assigned to the Baltic Fleet. As a result, she also served in the Northern Fleet and, from October 1956, finally in the Pacific Fleet. It was decommissioned in 1986 and scrapped in 1990.
Admiral Senjawin
The cruiser Admiral Senjawin ( Russian Адмирал Сенявин ) was named after Dmitri Senjawin . She was laid down by shipyard 189 in Leningrad on October 31, 1951 and launched on December 22, 1952. After entering service on December 18, 1954, she was assigned to the Northern Fleet, but was assigned to the Pacific Fleet three years later. It was converted to the 68U-2 project in Vladivostok in 1972 . In 1978 there was an explosion during a target practice in tower A, which killed the 37 seamen of the tower's crew. In 1989 the cruiser was removed from the fleet list and sold for scrapping in 1992.
Dmitri Poscharsky
The Dmitri Poscharski ( Russian Дмитрий Пожарский ), named after the Russian patriot Dmitri Poscharski , was laid down by shipyard 189 in Leningrad on February 28, 1951 and was launched on June 25, 1953. After its commissioning on January 31, 1955, it was assigned to the Northern Fleet, but a short time later to the Pacific Fleet. It was mothballed in 1979, removed from the fleet list in 1987 and finally sold to India for scrapping in 1990.
Molotovsk / Oktyabrskaya Revolyuziya
When Molotovsk ( Молотовск ) laid down in Severodvinsk on July 15, 1952, the ship did its service in the Northern Fleet after its takeover by the Navy on December 18, 1954. On August 3, 1957 she was renamed Oktjabrskaja Rewoljuzija ( Russian Октябрьская Революция ). It was initially decommissioned between 1961 and 1965, reactivated in 1966 and converted into Project 68A in 1968 . 1970 to 1972 she was deployed several times in the Mediterranean to support Syrian and Egyptian forces if necessary. On September 16, 1987, it was demilitarized and decommissioned. In 1990 it was scrapped.
Murmansk
The cruiser Murmansk ( Russian Мурманск ), named after the city of the same name , was laid down in Severodvinsk at shipyard 402 on January 28, 1953 and launched on April 24, 1955. After being taken over by the Navy, he initially served in the Northern Fleet, but was later also deployed in the Mediterranean to represent Soviet interests off the Egyptian coast in 1970 . In 1992 the Murmansk was decommissioned, demilitarized and sold for scrapping. While trying to haul them to a scrapping yard in India, the cruiser broke loose and drifted into a Norwegian fjord near Hasvik on Christmas Eve 1994 , where it ran aground ( 70 ° 38 ′ 9.6 ″ N , 21 ° 57 ′ 22 , 5 " O ). In 2009 the Norwegian AF Group was commissioned with the salvage and scrapping of the wreck. To do this, a dam had to be built around the wreck in 2012 and the water in the resulting basin had to be pumped out. The work was completed in 2013.
Mikhail Kutuzov
The Mikhail Kutuzov ( Russian Михаил Кутузов ) was named after Marshal Mikhail Kutuzov . She was laid down at shipyard 444 on February 23, 1951 and launched on November 29, 1952. After entering service in January 1955, she was part of the Black Sea Fleet. It was used, among other things, in the Mediterranean before it was modernized in Sevastopol for Project 68A . In 2000 she began to convert it into a museum ship. Today it is in Novorossiysk .
Admiral Kornilov
As Admiral Kornilow ( Russian Адмирал Корнилов ) she was laid down on November 16, 1951 in Mykolaiv and launched on March 17, 1954. After 70.1% of the ship had already been completed, construction was canceled in 1956. From 1957 she was used as a Hulk (supply and accommodation ship) and was deleted from the ship list in 1959.
Other ships were rebuilt or broken up in an unfinished state.
Crabb incident
The Sverdlov class cruisers were considered to be exceptionally maneuverable. A ship formation led by the "Ordschonikidze" visited the British naval port of Portsmouth in 1956 . The captain drove to his designated berth within twelve minutes, with the assistance of a pilot rejected, while the Royal Navy regulations stipulated a journey time of eighty minutes for the same route. In order to find out the cause of this maneuverability, the British secret service MI6 sent the famous diver and Navy Commander Lionel "Buster" Crabb down to examine the underwater hull of the cruiser. Since that day, the diver has been missing for a long time and his fate has not been clarified - it was only much later that the exact circumstances of his death became publicly known.
fiction
In the faction thriller The Khrushchev Case by C. Chreighton and N. Hynd (1988), it is said that Crabb and Chreighton defused and removed 18 mines from the hull of the cruiser in the early morning of April 19, 1956. These mines had already been secretly installed in the USSR by his opponents as part of a plot against Khrushchev. They were about to explode, and there were also Khrushchev and Bulganin on board . Prime Minister Anthony Eden ordered the matter to be covered up.
literature
- А. Б. Широкорад: Крейсера типа Свердлов . Moscow 1998 (Russian, roughly: AB Schirokorad : Sverdlov-class cruiser ).
- Владимир Заблоцкий: Крейсера " холодной войны " . 2008, ISBN 978-5-699-26175-8 (Russian, for example: Wladimir Sablozki: Cruiser of the Cold War. ).
Web links
- Project 68bis at atrinaflot.narod.ru ( Memento from March 10, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) (Russian)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Бережной С.С .: " Советский ВМФ 1945-1995 Крейсера, большие противолодочные корабли, эсминцы ", 1995, page 2
- ↑ a b From the point of view of the housewife . In: Der Spiegel . No. 28 , 1953, pp. 13 ( online ).
- ↑ Chris Marshal: The great encyclopedia of ships . Müller, Erlangen 1995, ISBN 978-3-86070-500-1 .
- ↑ Russia / USSR 152 mm / 57 (6 ") Pattern 1938. In: navweaps.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018 (English).
- ↑ Russia / USSR 100 mm / 70 (3.9 ") CM-5. In: navweaps.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018 (English).
- ↑ Russia / USSR 37 mm / 67 (1.5 ") 70-K. In: navweaps.com. Retrieved October 19, 2018 (English).
- ↑ a b А. Б. Широкорад: Крейсера типа Свердлов. P. 8.
- ↑ А.Б. Широкорад: Крейсера типа Свердлов. P. 5.
- ↑ А. Б. Широкорад: Крейсера типа Свердлов . Moscow 1998, p. 14 (Russian, for example: AB Schirokorad : Sverdlov-class cruiser. Schirokorad mentions February 31, 1951, a non-existent date. Accordingly changed to February 28 according to russian-ships.info.).
- ↑ AF Skal fjerne vraket av den russiske krysseren ”Murmansk” , press release on afgruppen.no, viewed on November 27, 2011 ( memento of the original of May 26, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Film about the wreck on youtube.com
- ↑ Frogmen . In: Der Spiegel . No. 21 , 1956, pp. 40 ( online ).
- ↑ Buster Crabb - the template for James Bond. In: Underwater World. unterwasserwelt.de, October 22, 2017, accessed April 17, 2018 .
- ^ "Frogman" Crabb . In: Die Zeit , No. 19/1956
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Flight deck cruiser: Kiev- class (Project 1143) | Moskva- class (Project 1123)
Cruiser: Kirov- class (Project 1144) | Kronstadt class (planned project 69) | Stalingrad class (planned project 82) | Bogatyr class | Chapayev class (project 68) | Kara class (project 1134B) | Kirov class (project 26) | Kresta -I class (project 1134) | Kresta II class (Project 1134A) | Kynda class (project 58) | Slava class (project 1164) | Sverdlov Class (Project 68B)
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