Kotlin class

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Project 56
Project 56A destroyer Wosbuschdjonny 1981
Project 56A destroyer Wosbuschdjonny 1981
Ship data
Ship type destroyer
Shipyard Shipyard 190 Leningrad (12)

Shipyard 445 Mykolaiv (8)
Shipyard 199 Amur (7)

Construction period 1956 to 1958
Decommissioning 1980s to 1990s
Units built 27
Ship dimensions and crew
length
126.1 m ( Lüa )
width 12.76 m
Draft Max. 4.2 m
displacement Standard: 2,660 t

Use: 3,230 t

 
crew 284
Machine system
machine 4 × KW-76 steam boilers

2 × GTZA steam turbines

Machine
performance 		2 × 36,000 PS (26,478 kW)
Top
speed 		38.5 kn (71 km / h)
propeller 2
Armament
2 × 2 130 mm L / 58 guns SM-2-1
4 × 4 45 mm FlaK SM-20
2 × 5 torpedo tubes ∅ 53.3 cm
6 × depth charges
2 × depositing devices for mines

Project 56 , after the lead ship as Spokoiny class ( Russian Спокойный ) (German: Quiet) and the NATO as Kotlin class called, was a class of destroyers of the Soviet Navy in the Cold War .

history

Like its predecessor, Project 41, Project 56 was intended for mass production. Project 41 had been rejected by Stalin because of its large water displacement and the associated consumption of resources ; However, the ships in service from Project 30bis had considerable problems with seaworthiness and often could not reach a speed of more than 28 knots, so that a new type of destroyer was urgently required. In 1951 such a draft was drawn up that retained the armament of Project 41 , but reduced the displacement at the expense of range. However, due to advances in drive technology, the speed could be increased.

It is assumed that 100 Project 56 ships were originally supposed to be built, but that production turned out to be too expensive and that the Soviet leadership postponed the allocation of resources in their economic planning from 1955 in favor of the civilian sector and drastically shortened the construction programs for destroyers.

technology

drive

The ships of Project 56 were equipped with two GTZA turbine sets, each composed of a turbine for medium and low power and one for high load. The turbines were driven from four KW-76 steam boilers with steam at 450 ° C, which was under a pressure of up to 64 kg / cm².

Armament

The main armament of the ships consisted of one SM-2-1 gun turret on the forecastle and one on the stern, each carrying two coaxially mounted 130 mm L / 58 guns. The towers were stabilized on three axes in such a way that they remained aligned horizontally even when the ships were heavily sloping. The weapon could be used against both air and ship targets. There were usually 850 shells on board for these weapons.

The air defense relied on four type SM-20 mounts, each carrying four 45 mm L / 78 automatic cannons. These quadruplets had a theoretical rate of fire of up to 640 rounds per minute and could attack ground targets nine kilometers away and air targets five kilometers away. Around 17,000 rounds of ammunition were carried.

Two sets of five-pipe torpedo tubes were set up amidships, one in front of and one behind the stern funnel, as torpedo armament . Each set of pipes stood on the longitudinal axis of the ships and could be swiveled to port or starboard.

The ships were BB-1 or BPS water bombs drop. Six drop devices were installed for this purpose. The BB-1 bomb had a rate of descent of 2.5 meters per second and could attack targets at depths of up to 100 meters, while the BPS could reach 320 meters at 4.2 meters per second.

Fire control and sensors

Each of the two main turrets had a "Schtag B" fire control radar ( Russian Штаг-Б ) on its roof , which could direct the fire up to a distance of 15 kilometers. When visibility was good, however, the fire control still relied on an optical range finder of the type "SWP-42-50" ( Russian: СВП-42-50 ), which was installed on the foremar .

Each ship has a “Fut-N” type radar antenna to search for contacts on the main mast, and a “Fut-B” fire control radar sensor on the stern and on the roof of the bridge for the 45 mm SM-20 anti-aircraft guns .

Furthermore, a radar for air and surface searches as well as a simple navigation radar were installed on each ship.

To search for underwater contacts, a “Pegas 2” sonar ( Russian Пегас-2 ) was installed, which is rated as not very effective even under optimal conditions with a range of only two to a maximum of three kilometers. The system's sonar sensor was installed on the underside of the hull on the forecastle immediately in front of "Tower A".

crew

Project 56 required a crew of 284 seamen. Four officers , the commander, the first officer, as well as the political officer and his deputy were accommodated in individual cabins, the other officers in cabins with two bunks . NCOs or mates slept in cabins with up to eight bunks. The crew ranks, on the other hand, were accommodated in large bedrooms, the largest of which accommodated up to 48 seafarers. There was a shower room with eleven seats, but the capacity of the fresh water tanks and that of the distillation systems had already been slashed to 21 tons in the planning phase as part of the tonnage reduction of the ships, so that showering was rarely possible.

The mess and galley were set up in the stern below "Tower B".

variants

Project 56 ASW

Project 56 ASW ( Russian Проект 56-ПЛО ), known by NATO as Kotlin Mod. , Was a modernization from 1956 on 14 ships, with two RBU-6000 launchers at the bow and two RBU-1000 at the stern for combat purposes have been retrofitted by submarines. The front torpedo tube set was omitted, the one at the rear was converted to use target-seeking torpedoes and the sonar systems improved.

Project 56K

Project 56K was the name of the conversion of the Project 56 ASW ship Brawy ( Russian Бравый ) (German: Wacker) for testing anti-aircraft missiles between 1960 and 1964. For this purpose, the ship was used for the use of M-1 Wolna missiles (NATO: SA-N- 1) rebuilt. The water displacement increased during operation to 3,447 tons, the speed fell to below 36 knots, the crew was 270 seamen.

Project 56A

Project 56A destroyer Sosnatelny 1987

Project 56A was a variant of Project 56 in which the 130mm SM-2-1 gun turret on the aft ship was removed and replaced with a launcher for SA-N-1 anti-aircraft missiles. Two RBU-6000 water bomb launchers were set up next to the bridge. In addition, one of the torpedo tube sets and three of the 45 mm FlaK quadruple SM-20 were omitted. The bridge, which was open until then, was framed with a closed structure and modern search and fire control radar systems were placed on the masts. The water displacement increased to 3,620 tons in action, the draft reached 4.5 meters and the top speed fell to 34.5 knots. Between 1964 and 1966, seven ships from Project 56 and one from Project 56 ASW were converted accordingly. Three of these ships also received four AK-230 automatic cannons each . NATO called the project the Kotlin SAM (SAM = Surface to Air Missile, German: Surface to Air Missile), alluding to its new role . A unit in the simplified version of Project 56AE ( Sprawedliwi ) was sold to Poland.

Projects 56 EM

Project 56EM was an attempt to convert destroyers to carry KSShch cruise missiles for fighting ships. For this purpose, the Bedowy ( Russian: Бедовый ) (German: Keck) was redesigned while still under construction and equipped with a rotatable superstructure on the stern, which contained six cruise missiles that could be launched via a rail on the outside of the superstructure. The two turrets of the main artillery were omitted, the air defense was combined on the forecastle. Three more ships were designed and built accordingly ( Project 56M ) and three more ( Project 56U ) were converted. They have all been classified as the Kildin class by NATO .

Ships of project 56

A total of 27 destroyers of Project 56 were built at three shipyards. Unlike the larger ships of the Soviet Navy, they were not given the names of revolutionaries or cities, but were given a name that began with a certain letter of the Cyrillic alphabet , depending on the shipyard . The ships from shipyard 190 in Leningrad were given the initial letters "С" or "Н", those of shipyard 445 in Mykolaiv "Б" or "П" and the units built by shipyard 199 in Komsomolsk on the Amur with "В" as their first letter Names.

Evidence and references

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Ю.В. Апальков: Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 56. p. 6.
  2. ^ Norman Friedman: The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. Page 119.
  3. ↑ SM-2-1 at navweaps.com, viewed December 4, 2011
  4. ↑ SM-20 at navweaps.com, viewed December 4, 2011
  5. ↑ Ю.В. Апальков: Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 56. p. 45.
  6. ↑ Ю.В. Апальков: Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 56. p. 46.
  7. ↑ Ю.В. Апальков: Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 56. p. 48.

literature

  • Ю.В. Апальков: миноносцы проекта 56. (for example: JW Apalkow: Destroyer of Project 56. ) Галея Принт, 2006, ISBN 5-8172-0108-9 (Russian).
  • Александр Павлов: Эскадренные миноносцы проекта 56. (for example: Alexander Pavlov: Destroyer of Project 56. ), Yakutsk 1999 (Russian).
  • С.С. Бережной: Советский ВМФ 1945-1995 Крейсера - большие противолодочные корабли, эсминцы. (For example: SS Bereschnoi: Soviet Navy 1945–1995 cruisers, large submarine fighters, destroyers. ) Moscow 1995 (Russian).
  • А.Н. Соколов: Расходный материал флота Миноносцы СССР и России. (For example: AN Sokolow: Navy destroyer of the Soviet Union and Russia. ) Moscow 2007, ISBN 978-5-902863-13-7 (Russian).
  • Norman Friedman: The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. US Naval Institute Press, 2007, ISBN 978-1-59114-287-4 (English).

Web links