Pacaraos Quechua
| Pacaraos Quechua (Runashimi) | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
Peru | |
| speaker | almost extinct | |
| Linguistic classification |
|
|
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
qu |
|
| ISO 639 -2 |
que |
|
| ISO 639-3 |
qvp, que (macro language) |
|
Pacaraos Quechua ( Quechua : Runashimi ) is a variety of Quechua that was spoken in the village of Pacaraos in the Peruvian department of Lima in the valley of the Chancay River at an altitude of over 3000 m until the middle of the 20th century .
The Pacaraos dialect was studied by the Dutch linguist Willem FH Adelaar in the 1970s . At that time, Quechua was mainly spoken by women aged 60 and over. At the turn of the millennium there may have been no active speakers, but it can be assumed that some people who grew up with their grandparents at the time still have passive knowledge.
A special feature of Pacaraos Quechua is that it cannot be assigned to either of the two major branches of the language family ( Waywash and Wampuy ). In contrast to other Quechua variants, where words are stressed on the penultimate syllable, the word accent is phonemic and lies on the penultimate or last syllable. Like the Waywash dialects and in contrast to the Wampuy, Pacaraos Quechua distinguishes between short and long vowels.
The first-person form of the verb, but also the possessive form for nouns, is expressed by adding -y to the end stress. Example: tarpuy "sow" (stem: tarpu-) - tarpúy "I sow" (comparison: in Waywash tarpuu, in Wampuy tarpuni) - tarpunki "you sow" - tarpun "he sows". Final stress is in tarpúy, all other forms are stressed on the penultimate syllable.
The vocabulary of Pacaraos Quechua partly agrees with the southern Quechua (example: kunan "now"), partly with the Waywash dialects (examples: yarku- "ascend", akshu, "potato"). In addition, there are many loan words from Jaqaru or another language related to Aymara that is now extinct (examples achara "old", uni- "hate", wilka "sun"). Some words are only known from Pacaraos Quechua, including arapu- "answer", chaqpa "clothing", rapqa- "both".
With the Waywash it also shares many endings, including -ĉaw for "in, on" or -piqta, -piq for "out, from". The accusative ending -kta, which is consistently shortened to -ta in other modern Quechua variants besides Wanka Quechua , is available as a long form -kta and a short form -k, the latter leading to an ending stress. The negative suffix -su (<* - chu) is often shortened to -s.
As in almost all Wampuy variants, the gerund is expressed with -shpa.
Demonstrative pronouns are kay ("this"), say ("that"), ĉaqay ("that").
The / q / of the original Quechua is a fricative, at the end of the syllable and next to unvoiced consonants voiceless [x], otherwise mostly voiced [g]. Unlike other Quechua variants, it distinguishes between the [r] with a flick of the tongue (tap, example: rapqan "both of them") and a vibrant [rr] (example: rraqak "girl"). As in some dialects of Ancashino is / č / to [s] become (example: say "the [da]"), / s /, however, is usually [h] (Examples: huti "Name" HACA "plant" rrahu "Snow"). The retroflex / ĉ / has been preserved.
literature
- Willem FH Adelaar (1987): Morfología del Quechua de Pacaraos. Lima, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
- Willem FH Adelaar, Pieter Muysken (2006): The languages of the Andes. Pp. 242-249. A sketch of a Peruvian Quechua Dialect (Pacaraos)