Parnassus boicus

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Parnassus boicus, 1722

The Parnassus Boicus or "The Bavarian Musenberg" was a Munich learned society that published the Parnassus Boicus from 1722 to 1740, an early educational journal in Upper German . After the German Acta Eruditorum published since 1712, this was one of the first science journals in the German language.

overview

The Parnassus Boicus represented a Catholic-Bavarian form of the Enlightenment , which acted independently of the North and East German scholar circles of the time and was even linguistically opposed to it. The self-declared goal was the "introduction and promotion of the sciences and the arts in the Bavarian regions" and thus the overcoming of the baroque worldview. The Bavarian Academy of Sciences emerged from the members of the society in 1759 .

The founding members in 1722 were the three Augustinian fathers

Later, Protestant scholars from southern Germany also took part and published their scientific work in the journal of the learned society. A well-known member was the lawyer and historian Johann Georg Lori .

The magazine was published in three phases between 1722 and 1740 under the following slightly different titles:

  • 1722–1727 Parnassus boicus, or newly opened Muse Mountain
  • 1736–1737 Newly continued Parnassus, or Bavarian Muses Mountain
  • 1737–1740 Some mostly Bavarian memorabilia and food

history

As early as 1702, the first learned society was founded in Munich, which in the baroque style called itself the “society of familiar neighbors on the Isar River” and wanted to dedicate itself above all to Bavarian historical research. In 1720 the Augustinian Canons Eusebius Amort from Polling, Gelasius Hieber from Munich and Agnellus Kandler founded a new learned society with the aim of having it recognized as an official academy. However, this Academia Carolo Albertina could not be realized, and so the three decided to realize their project at least in the form of a scientific journal in order to enable the exchange of ideas between scholars.

In 1722, Parnassus Boicus was founded and the magazine was published. The special thing about this magazine was the language used in two senses. On the one hand, it was one of the earliest scientific journals in German, and on the other hand, the Upper German writing language was deliberately used, which was based on the Bavarian dialect in terms of sound and vocabulary . The aim was to differentiate oneself from the “Luther German” of Central and Northern Germany and to show that not only Saxon Saxon is suitable as a scientific language. Because it doesn't work that

"Upper Saxon Teutschen spoke the universal monarchy in the Hoch-Teutschen".

First the journal appeared with the participation of numerous scientists. Not only Catholic scholars took part, but also some Lutherans from southern Germany. In Saxony and Silesia, however, this project was viewed rather suspiciously and viewed as a Catholic competing project. Johann Christoph Gottsched summarized the mostly negative reactions of the members of the German Society in Leipzig in his work Contributions to the critical history of the German language, poetry and eloquence from the year 1732.

After Eusebius Amort went on a study trip to Italy and Gelasius Hieber died in 1731, the Parnassus Boicus was temporarily discontinued. The individual issues and correspondence from this first phase have been published in four anthologies. However, Amort returned to Bavaria in 1735. Inspired by the academy movement in Italy, he reactivated the project with renewed vigor, and a fifth volume was created. In 1740 a sixth anthology was published, but after that the turmoil of the War of the Austrian Succession , in which Bavaria also became a theater of war, prevented the work from being continued.

The idea of ​​founding a scientific academy was carried on by Johann Georg Lori after Parnassus Boicus was hired . On October 12, 1758, he founded the Bavarian Academic Society , which was officially recognized as the Churbaier Academy of Science in 1759 . In the founding charter, the Parnassus Boicus and its language policy were explicitly named as a model.

Language policy

The declared aim of Parnassus Boicus was, in addition to the revitalization of science in general, a linguistic emancipation from Latin and a special promotion of the German language, but in its specifically Bavarian or Upper German expression. In the first volume of 1722 this is formulated as follows:

"Besides that, like Parnassus Boicus, nothing else has anything to do with his number / than that by doing so one seeks to undermine so many beautiful Ingenia that are not so beautiful / to present you with a lustrous piping for all kinds of arts and sciences / and the so-called Belles lettres in our fatherland the more There is little to do with flourishing in our mother = language. "

In addition to book reviews of new publications and articles on Bavarian history, geography of different countries and chemistry and mathematics, “Germanistic” research was also carried out. In the relevant articles by Gelasius Hieber, not only the contemporary language, the creation of an all-German standard language, is up for debate; Hieber's essays also look at early medieval German texts: Parnassus Boicus, for example, offers a copy of the first stanza of the Annolied , the royal oaths of the Strasbourg oaths and the St. Gallen paternoster ; In addition, the first publication of Sigihart's so-called prayers can be found here - with a carefully forged text directed against Martin Opitz 's Annolied edition.

Gelasius Hieber wrote not only the grammatical but also the poetological reports of Parnassus Boicus , in which he attacked the Protestant German poetry inaugurated by Opitz with polemical virtuosity. The Upper German writing language of these texts contains numerous regional Bavarian-Austrian forms. Like Kandler later in Parnassus Boicus , Hieber emphasizes that he advocates a supra-regional scholarly German that goes beyond individual dialects. His writing practice, which relies less on explicit, logically stringent arguments, but works in the essential points with implicit means (e.g. varying quotations, parody), shows a decided support for a Bavarian-based standard German. Kandler then became more conciliatory towards the end of the 1730s and, following the suggestions of the imperial councilor Carl Gustav Heräus, recommended that a regional and confessional pluralistic discussion about a still-to-be-defined linguistic standard of "High German" should be held in awareness of the regional diversity of the German language .

In the late Baroque language dispute, however, despite all efforts, a short time later a written language developed through scholarly efforts on the basis of East Central German established itself as the norm in the south as well. If in 1759 the founding members of the Kurbayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften stand in the tradition of Parnassus Boicus , this does not mean a continuation of the former efforts of this journal in terms of language policy. In a letter to Lori dated August 23, 1759, Gottsched made a polemical statement on the connection with Parnassus Boicus :

“The fact that the Academy's writings are to be drafted and brought to light in German is to be praised very much; and E. Hochedlg. will steadfastly adhere to these statutes. But the fact that Parnassus Boicus had been declared the author of this excellent institution, or at least its forerunner, almost got me to laugh out loud. For God's sake! remember E. Hochedlg. not this Parnassus Boicus if they do not want to ridicule all their efforts in the greater part of Germany. "

literature

  • All numbers of Parnassus Boicus are available in digital form from the catalog of the Bavarian State Library in Munich.
  • Andreas Beck: Catholic-Bavarian prose propaganda in Opitzian-poetological tradition: Gelasius Hieber's "Sprach-Lehr" and "Von der Teutschen Poeterey" (1723-25) in the "Parnassus Boicus" . In: Thomas Althaus, Nicola Kaminski (ed.): Rules of the game of baroque prose. Historical concepts and theoretical textures of “unbound speech” in 17th century literature . Peter Lang, Bern 2012 (supplements to “Simpliciana” 7), ISBN 978-3-0343-0579-2 , pp. 309–332.
  • Andreas Beck: The “Strasbourg Oaths” in the early modern period. Model study on pre- and early Germanistic discourse strategies (Gratia 52). Wiesbaden 2014 [on Parnassus Boicus pp. 125-311].
  • Andreas Beck: Episteme in persistence - conventional artistry and orthodox religious knowledge in the "poetry" of "Parnassus Boicus" . In: Peter-André Alt, Volkhard Wels (ed.): Religious knowledge in the poetry of the early modern age . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2015 (Episteme in Motion. Contributions to a transdisciplinary history of knowledge 3), ISBN 978-3-447-10497-5 . Pp. 163-177.
  • Eric A. Blackall: The "Parnassus Boicus" and the German Language . In: German Life & Letters , Vol. 7 (1953/54), pp. 98-108.
  • Dieter Breuer: Upper German Literature 1565–1650. German literary history and territorial history in the early absolutist period . CH Beck, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-406-10811-3 . (Part 2: The development of own linguistic norms in the Catholic territories - Chapter 4: The language policy of Parnassus Boicus ).
  • Dieter Breuer: Regional diversity and national unity. On a controversy of the baroque age . In: Roswitha Jacobsen (ed.): Weißenfels as a place of literary and artistic culture in the Baroque age. Lectures at an interdisciplinary colloquium from October 8-10, 1992 in Weißenfels, Saxony / Anhalt . Rodopi, Amsterdam 1994, ISBN 90-5183-500-0 , pp. 7-22.
  • Max Dreher: The Augustinian Hermits in Munich in the Age of Reformation and the Baroque (16th to mid-18th century) . Publishing house Dr. Kovac, Hamburg 2003 (= Studies on Church History, Vol. 1), ISBN 3-8300-0847-3 .
  • Guillaume van Gemert: Upper German poetics as a research problem. On the poetry theory of "Parnassus Boicus" (1725/1726) . In: Upper German literature in the Baroque age . CH Beck, Munich 1984 (= magazine for Bavarian regional history , vol. 47, issue 1). Pp. 277-296.
  • Uwe Puschner : The beginning of the magazine industry in Kurbayern . In: Journal for Bavarian State History , vol. 46 (1983), pp. 559-592.
  • Ingo Reiffenstein : The "Parnassus Boicus" and high German. At the end of early New High German in the 18th century . In: Peter Wiesinger (ed.): Studies on early New High German. Emil Skála on his 60th birthday on November 20, 1988 . Kümmerle, Göppingen 1988 (Göppinger Papers on German Studies, Vol. 476), ISBN 3-87452-712-3 , pp. 27-45.
  • Karl von Reinhardstöttner : The society of familiar neighbors on the Isar river that awakens utility and pleasure . In: Research on the history of Bavaria , Vol. 8 (1900), pp. 253-291.

Web links

See also

swell

  1. ↑ Karl von Reinhardstöttner: The society of the familiar neighbors on the Isar river that awakens utility and pleasure . In: Research on the history of Bavaria , Vol. 8 (1900), pp. 253-291.
  2. ↑ Parnassus Boicus , year 1724, p. 104. Quoted in: Dieter Breuer: Regional diversity and national unity. On a controversy of the baroque age . In: Roswitha Jacobsen (ed.): Weißenfels as a place of literary and artistic culture in the Baroque age. Lectures at an interdisciplinary colloquium from October 8-10, 1992 in Weißenfels, Saxony / Anhalt . Rodopi, Amsterdam 1994. pp. 7-22, quoted on p. 14.
  3. ↑ Walter Tauber: Dialect and written language in Bavaria (1450-1800) - studies on the language norm and language standardization in early New High German ; P. 226, Chapter 4.2: The Academia Carolo Albertina and the Parnassus Boicus . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1993, ISBN 978-3-11-013556-5 .
  4. ↑ Dieter Breuer: Upper German Literature 1565–1650. German literary history and territorial history in the early absolutist period . CH Beck, Munich 1979, ISBN 3-406-10811-3 , pp. 85-90.
  5. ↑ Andreas Beck: Catholic-Bavarian prose propaganda in Opitzian-poetological tradition: Gelasius Hieber's "Sprach-Lehr" and "Von der Teutschen Poeterey" (1723-25) in Parnassus Boicus . In: Thomas Althaus, Nicola Kaminski (ed.): Rules of the game of baroque prose. Historical concepts and theoretical textures of “unbound speech” in 17th century literature . Lang, Bern 2012, ISBN 978-3-0343-0579-2 , pp. 309-332, here pp. 323-325.
  6. ↑ See in detail Beck 2014, pp. 260–290; different Walter Tauber: Dialect and written language in Bavaria (1450-1800) - Investigations on the language norm and language norms in early New High German. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1993, ISBN 978-3-11-013556-5 , Chapter 4.2: The Academia Carolo Albertina and the Parnassus Boicus , p. 228.
  7. ↑ Walter Tauber: Dialect and written language in Bavaria (1450-1800) - Investigations on the language norm and language standardization in early New High German. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York 1993, ISBN 978-3-11-013556-5 , Chapter 4.3: The Bavarian Academy of Sciences , p. 233.