Parus (satellite)
Parus | |
---|---|
Type: | Data relay and navigation satellite |
Country: | Russia |
Mission dates | |
Dimensions: | 825 kg |
Size: | 2.035 m diameter |
Starting place: | Plesetsk Cosmodrome |
Launcher: | Cosmos 3M |
Status: | active |
Orbit data | |
Orbit inclination : | 83 ° |
Apogee height : | 1000 km |
Perigee height : | 957 km |
Parus ( Russian Парус for "sail", GRAY index 11F627) is the name of a series of formerly Soviet and now Russian data relay satellites for predominantly military use. They are also known under the name Zikada-M and the manufacturer's name Zyklon-B and handle data communication with ships and submarines as well as their location. Because of their military character of the satellites Parus series receive a cosmos -Tarnbezeichnung used by Kosmos-3M rockets from Plesetsk brought out into space.
history
The development of the satellites as the successor to the cyclone system began in the 1960s and in 1967 the first flight tests of components of the system were carried out. The first satellite was launched on December 26, 1974 under the name Kosmos 700. In 1976 the system was officially put into service, which consists of six satellites each in orbits offset by 30 °. A spare satellite is normally available in each of these orbits, so that the system consists of twelve operational satellites. The 99th and so far last satellite of this series was launched on April 27, 2010 under the designation Kosmos 2463.
The civil version of the Parus system was the Zikada series (GRAU index 11F643), the development of which began in 1974, first tests were carried out in 1976 and the satellites were launched from 1978. With a mass of 820 kg, the satellites were somewhat lighter than their military counterparts and allowed the signals to be handled more easily. Compared to the Parus system, only four satellites were used in 45 ° offset orbits. So far, 20 satellites of this type have been launched. The civilian Zikada series was shut down in November 2003. Some of the Zikada satellites (GRAU index 11F643N (Kosmos), 17F118 (Nadeschda)) have been equipped with a satellite-based search and rescue system for the COSPAS-SARSAT . Some of the satellites equipped with the Nadezhda (German hope) system were also launched under this name. A corresponding contract was signed on May 6, 1977 and on June 30, 1982 Kosmos 1383, the first satellite equipped with the system, was launched. In Kosmos 2315, the system was replaced by a more modern one of the course type. At Nadeschda-M, a new RK-SM type system, which is also installed on the Sterch satellites, was used.
technology
The drum-shaped satellites, which are twisted or gravitationally stabilized by a boom, weigh around 825 kilograms and have a diameter of around two meters. They are based on the KAUR-1 satellite bus and store (similar to the Strela satellites ) the received messages and send them out again over the target area. Data is transmitted in the VHF range at around 150 and 400 MHz, with continuously transmitted signals with position and orbit data allowing the ships to determine their position using Doppler shifts until the GLONASS system was introduced . The system achieved an accuracy of about 100 m, whereby only the repeated measurement of the signals during different orbits of the satellites brought a corresponding accuracy. The energy supply with around 200 watts of power is provided by solar cells on the outside of the satellites. The lifespan is about three to four years.
Start list
Start list Parus
satellite | Start date | COSPAR name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1. Cosmos 700 | December 26, 1974 | 1974-105A | |
2. Cosmos 726 | April 11, 1975 | 1975-028A | |
3. Cosmos 755 | August 14, 1975 | 1975-074A | |
4. Cosmos 778 | 4th November 1975 | 1975-103A | |
5th cosmos 789 | 20th January 1976 | 1976-005A | |
6. Cosmos 864 | October 29, 1976 | 1976-108A | |
7. Cosmos 887 | December 28, 1976 | 1976-128A | |
8. Cosmos 894 | February 21, 1977 | 1977-013A | |
9. Cosmos 928 | July 13, 1977 | 1977-064A | |
10. Cosmos 951 | September 13, 1977 | 1977-087A | |
11. Cosmos 971 | 23rd December 1977 | 1977-122A | |
12. Cosmos 985 | 17th January 1978 | 1978-007A | |
13th cosmos 991 | February 28, 1978 | 1978-022A | |
14th cosmos 996 | March 28, 1978 | 1978-031A | |
15. Cosmos 1011 | May 23, 1978 | 1978-053A | |
16. Cosmos 1064 | December 20, 1978 | 1978-119A | False start |
17. Cosmos 1072 | January 16, 1979 | 1979-003A | |
18. Cosmos 1089 | March 21, 1979 | 1979-026A | |
19. Cosmos 1091 | April 7, 1979 | 1979-028A | |
20. Cosmos 1104 | May 31, 1979 | 1979-046A | |
21. Cosmos 1141 | October 16, 1979 | 1979-090A | |
22. Cosmos 1150 | January 14, 1980 | 1980-003A | |
23rd Cosmos 1153 | January 25, 1980 | 1980-007A | |
24. Cosmos 1181 | May 20, 1980 | 1980-039A | |
25. Cosmos 1225 | 5th December 1980 | 1980-097A | |
26. Cosmos 1244 | February 12, 1981 | 1981-013A | |
27. Cosmos 1275 | 4th June 1981 | 1981-053A | |
28. Cosmos 1295 | August 12, 1981 | 1981-077A | |
29. Cosmos 1308 | September 18, 1981 | 1981-091A | |
30. Cosmos 1333 | January 14, 1982 | 1982-003A | |
31. Cosmos 1344 | March 24, 1982 | 1982-024A | |
32. Cosmos 1349 | April 8, 1982 | 1982-030A | |
33. Cosmos 1380 | June 18, 1982 | 1982-061A | only reached a 137 × 721 km track due to errors in the upper level |
34. Cosmos 1386 | July 7, 1982 | 1982-069A | |
35. Cosmos 1417 | October 19, 1982 | 1982-102A | |
36. Cosmos 1428 | January 12, 1983 | 1983-001A | |
37. Cosmos 1448 | March 30, 1983 | 1983-023A | |
38. Cosmos 1459 | May 6, 1983 | 1983-042A | |
39. Cosmos 1464 | May 24, 1983 | 1983-048A | |
40. Cosmos 1513 | December 8, 1983 | 1983-120A | |
41. Cosmos 1531 | January 11, 1984 | 1984-003A | |
42. Cosmos 1535 | 1st February 1984 | 1984-010A | |
43. Cosmos 1550 | May 11, 1984 | 1984-043A | |
44. Cosmos 1577 | June 26, 1984 | 1984-067A | |
45. Cosmos 1598 | September 13, 1984 | 1984-100A | |
46. Cosmos 1605 | October 11, 1984 | 1984-109A | |
47. Cosmos 1610 | November 15, 1984 | 1984-118A | |
48. Cosmos 1627 | February 1, 1985 | 1985-011A | |
49. Cosmos 1634 | March 14, 1985 | 1985-022A | |
50th Cosmos (1699) | October 23, 1985 | False start | |
51. Cosmos 1704 | November 28, 1985 | 1985-110A | |
52. Cosmos 1709 | December 19, 1985 | 1985-116A | |
53. Cosmos 1725 | January 16, 1986 | 1986-005A | |
54. Cosmos 1745 | May 23, 1986 | 1986-037A | |
55. Cosmos 1759 | June 18, 1986 | 1986-047A | |
56. Cosmos 1802 | November 24, 1986 | 1986-093A | |
57. Cosmos 1808 | 17th December 1986 | 1986-100A | |
58. Cosmos 1821 | February 18, 1987 | 1987-017A | |
59. Cosmos 1864 | July 6, 1987 | 1987-057A | |
60th Cosmos 1891 | October 14, 1987 | 1987-087A | |
61. Cosmos 1904 | December 23, 1987 | 1987-106A | |
62. Cosmos 1934 | March 22, 1988 | 1988-023A | |
63. Cosmos 1959 | July 18, 1988 | 1988-062A | |
64. Cosmos 2004 | February 22, 1989 | 1989-017A | |
65th Cosmos 2016 | April 4, 1989 | 1989-028A | |
66. Cosmos 2026 | June 7, 1989 | 1989-042A | |
67. Cosmos 2034 | July 25, 1989 | 1989-059A | |
68. Cosmos 2061 | March 20, 1990 | 1990-023A | |
69. Cosmos 2074 | April 20, 1990 | 1990-036A | |
70th cosmos 2100 | September 14, 1990 | 1990-083A | |
71. Cosmos 2135 | February 26, 1991 | 1991-013A | |
72. Cosmos 2142 | April 16, 1991 | 1991-029A | |
73. Cosmos 2154 | August 22, 1991 | 1991-059A | |
74. Cosmos 2172 | November 22, 1991 | 1991-079A | |
75. Cosmos 2180 | 17th February 1992 | 1992-008A | |
76. Cosmos 2184 | April 15, 1992 | 1992-020A | |
77. Cosmos 2195 | July 1, 1992 | 1992-036A | Failure after 12 months |
78. Cosmos 2218 | October 29, 1992 | 1992-073A | |
79. Cosmos 2233 | February 9, 1993 | 1993-008A | |
80. Cosmos 2239 | April 1, 1993 | 1993-020A | |
81. Cosmos 2266 | 2nd November 1993 | 1993-070A | |
82. Cosmos 2279 | April 26, 1994 | 1994-024A | |
83. Cosmos 2310 | March 22, 1995 | 1995-012A | |
84. Cosmos 2321 | October 6, 1995 | 1995-052A | only achieved a 256 × 754 km orbit due to errors in the second stage |
85. Cosmos 2327 | January 16, 1996 | 1996-004A | |
86. Cosmos 2334 | 5th September 1996 | 1996-052A | Start together with UNAMSAT B |
87. Cosmos 2336 | December 20, 1996 | 1996-071A | |
88. Cosmos 2341 | April 17, 1997 | 1997-017A | |
89. Cosmos 2346 | September 23, 1997 | 1997-052A | Start together with Faisat 2v |
90. Cosmos 2361 | December 24, 1998 | 1998-076A | |
91. Cosmos 2366 | August 26, 1999 | 1999-045A | |
92. Cosmos 2378 | June 8, 2001 | 2001-023A | |
93. Cosmos 2389 | May 28, 2002 | 2002-026A | |
94. Cosmos 2398 | June 4, 2003 | 2003-023A | |
95. Cosmos 2407 | July 22, 2004 | 2004-028A | |
96. Cosmos 2414 | January 20, 2005 | 2005-002A | Start together with Universitetsky (Tatyana) |
97. Cosmos 2429 | September 11, 2007 | 2007-038A | |
98. Cosmos 2454 | July 21, 2009 | 2009-039A | Start together with Sterch 1 |
99. Cosmos 2463 | April 27, 2010 | 2010-017A |
Start list Zikada
satellite | Start date | COSPAR name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1. Cosmos 883 | 15th December 1976 | 1976-122A | |
2. Cosmos 926 | July 8, 1977 | 1977-062A | |
3. Cosmos 1000 | March 31, 1978 | 1978-034A | |
4th cosmos 1092 | April 11, 1979 | 1979-030A | |
5. Cosmos 1168 | March 17, 1980 | 1980-022A | |
6. Cosmos 1226 | December 10, 1980 | 1980-099A | |
7. Cosmos 1304 | 4th September 1981 | 1981-087A | |
8. Cosmos 1339 | 17th February 1982 | 1982-012A | |
9. Cosmos 1506 | October 26, 1983 | 1983-108A | |
10. Cosmos 1553 | 17th May 1984 | 1984-046A | |
11. Cosmos 1655 | May 30, 1985 | 1985-041A | |
12. Cosmos 1727 | January 23, 1986 | 1986-008A | |
13. Cosmos 1791 | November 13, 1986 | 1986-086A | |
14. Cosmos 1816 | January 29, 1987 | 1987-009A | |
15. Cosmos 1861 | June 23, 1987 | 1987-054A | equipped with RS 10 & RS11 amateur radio equipment |
16. Cosmos 2123 | 5th February 1991 | 1991-007A | equipped with RS 12 & RS13 amateur radio equipment |
17. Cosmos 2181 | March 9, 1992 | 1992-012A | |
18. Cosmos 2230 | January 12, 1993 | 1993-001A | |
19. Zikada 1 | January 24, 1995 | 1995-002A | together with Faisat 1 , Astrid 1 |
20. Cosmos 2315 | 5th July 1995 | 1995-032A | with course search and rescue system |
Start list Nadeschda
satellite | Start date | COSPAR name | Remarks |
---|---|---|---|
1. Cosmos 1383 | June 29, 1982 | 1982-066A | |
2. Cosmos 1447 | March 24, 1983 | 1983-021A | |
3. Cosmos 1574 | June 21, 1984 | 1984-062A | |
4. Nadezhda 1 | 4th July 1989 | 1989-050A | |
5. Nadezhda 2 | February 27, 1990 | 1990-017A | |
6. Nadezhda 3 | March 12, 1991 | 1991-019A | |
7.Nadezhda 4 | July 14, 1994 | 1994-041A | |
8.Nadezhda 5 | December 10, 1998 | 1998-072A | together with Astrid 2 |
9. Nadezhda 6 | June 28, 2000 | 2000-033A | First launch from Plesetsk and a Zikada satellite in a sun-synchronous 686 km × 712 km × 98.1 ° orbit |
10. Nadezhda 7 / Nadezhda-M | September 26, 2002 | 2002-046A |
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Parus in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Tsikada in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
- ↑ Parus, Zikada and Nadeschda satellites on satellitenwelt.de ( Memento from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Parus and Sterkh start with Kosmos 3M on Der Orion
- ↑ Parus on Gunter's Space Page
- ↑ Tsikada on Gunter's Space Page
- ↑ Nadezhda in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)