Parus (satellite)

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Parus
Type: Data relay and navigation satellite
Country: RussiaRussia Russia
Mission dates
Dimensions: 825 kg
Size: 2.035 m diameter
Starting place: Plesetsk Cosmodrome
Launcher: Cosmos 3M
Status: active
Orbit data
Orbit inclination : 83 °
Apogee height :  1000 km
Perigee height :  957 km

Parus ( Russian Парус for "sail", GRAY index 11F627) is the name of a series of formerly Soviet and now Russian data relay satellites for predominantly military use. They are also known under the name Zikada-M and the manufacturer's name Zyklon-B and handle data communication with ships and submarines as well as their location. Because of their military character of the satellites Parus series receive a cosmos -Tarnbezeichnung used by Kosmos-3M rockets from Plesetsk brought out into space.

history

The development of the satellites as the successor to the cyclone system began in the 1960s and in 1967 the first flight tests of components of the system were carried out. The first satellite was launched on December 26, 1974 under the name Kosmos 700. In 1976 the system was officially put into service, which consists of six satellites each in orbits offset by 30 °. A spare satellite is normally available in each of these orbits, so that the system consists of twelve operational satellites. The 99th and so far last satellite of this series was launched on April 27, 2010 under the designation Kosmos 2463.

The civil version of the Parus system was the Zikada series (GRAU index 11F643), the development of which began in 1974, first tests were carried out in 1976 and the satellites were launched from 1978. With a mass of 820 kg, the satellites were somewhat lighter than their military counterparts and allowed the signals to be handled more easily. Compared to the Parus system, only four satellites were used in 45 ° offset orbits. So far, 20 satellites of this type have been launched. The civilian Zikada series was shut down in November 2003. Some of the Zikada satellites (GRAU index 11F643N (Kosmos), 17F118 (Nadeschda)) have been equipped with a satellite-based search and rescue system for the COSPAS-SARSAT . Some of the satellites equipped with the Nadezhda (German hope) system were also launched under this name. A corresponding contract was signed on May 6, 1977 and on June 30, 1982 Kosmos 1383, the first satellite equipped with the system, was launched. In Kosmos 2315, the system was replaced by a more modern one of the course type. At Nadeschda-M, a new RK-SM type system, which is also installed on the Sterch satellites, was used.

technology

The drum-shaped satellites, which are twisted or gravitationally stabilized by a boom, weigh around 825 kilograms and have a diameter of around two meters. They are based on the KAUR-1 satellite bus and store (similar to the Strela satellites ) the received messages and send them out again over the target area. Data is transmitted in the VHF range at around 150 and 400 MHz, with continuously transmitted signals with position and orbit data allowing the ships to determine their position using Doppler shifts until the GLONASS system was introduced . The system achieved an accuracy of about 100 m, whereby only the repeated measurement of the signals during different orbits of the satellites brought a corresponding accuracy. The energy supply with around 200 watts of power is provided by solar cells on the outside of the satellites. The lifespan is about three to four years.

Start list

Start list Parus

satellite Start date COSPAR name Remarks
1. Cosmos 700 December 26, 1974 1974-105A
2. Cosmos 726 April 11, 1975 1975-028A
3. Cosmos 755 August 14, 1975 1975-074A
4. Cosmos 778 4th November 1975 1975-103A
5th cosmos 789 20th January 1976 1976-005A
6. Cosmos 864 October 29, 1976 1976-108A
7. Cosmos 887 December 28, 1976 1976-128A
8. Cosmos 894 February 21, 1977 1977-013A
9. Cosmos 928 July 13, 1977 1977-064A
10. Cosmos 951 September 13, 1977 1977-087A
11. Cosmos 971 23rd December 1977 1977-122A
12. Cosmos 985 17th January 1978 1978-007A
13th cosmos 991 February 28, 1978 1978-022A
14th cosmos 996 March 28, 1978 1978-031A
15. Cosmos 1011 May 23, 1978 1978-053A
16. Cosmos 1064 December 20, 1978 1978-119A False start
17. Cosmos 1072 January 16, 1979 1979-003A
18. Cosmos 1089 March 21, 1979 1979-026A
19. Cosmos 1091 April 7, 1979 1979-028A
20. Cosmos 1104 May 31, 1979 1979-046A
21. Cosmos 1141 October 16, 1979 1979-090A
22. Cosmos 1150 January 14, 1980 1980-003A
23rd Cosmos 1153 January 25, 1980 1980-007A
24. Cosmos 1181 May 20, 1980 1980-039A
25. Cosmos 1225 5th December 1980 1980-097A
26. Cosmos 1244 February 12, 1981 1981-013A
27. Cosmos 1275 4th June 1981 1981-053A
28. Cosmos 1295 August 12, 1981 1981-077A
29. Cosmos 1308 September 18, 1981 1981-091A
30. Cosmos 1333 January 14, 1982 1982-003A
31. Cosmos 1344 March 24, 1982 1982-024A
32. Cosmos 1349 April 8, 1982 1982-030A
33. Cosmos 1380 June 18, 1982 1982-061A only reached a 137 × 721 km track due to errors in the upper level
34. Cosmos 1386 July 7, 1982 1982-069A
35. Cosmos 1417 October 19, 1982 1982-102A
36. Cosmos 1428 January 12, 1983 1983-001A
37. Cosmos 1448 March 30, 1983 1983-023A
38. Cosmos 1459 May 6, 1983 1983-042A
39. Cosmos 1464 May 24, 1983 1983-048A
40. Cosmos 1513 December 8, 1983 1983-120A
41. Cosmos 1531 January 11, 1984 1984-003A
42. Cosmos 1535 1st February 1984 1984-010A
43. Cosmos 1550 May 11, 1984 1984-043A
44. Cosmos 1577 June 26, 1984 1984-067A
45. Cosmos 1598 September 13, 1984 1984-100A
46. ​​Cosmos 1605 October 11, 1984 1984-109A
47. Cosmos 1610 November 15, 1984 1984-118A
48. Cosmos 1627 February 1, 1985 1985-011A
49. Cosmos 1634 March 14, 1985 1985-022A
50th Cosmos (1699) October 23, 1985 False start
51. Cosmos 1704 November 28, 1985 1985-110A
52. Cosmos 1709 December 19, 1985 1985-116A
53. Cosmos 1725 January 16, 1986 1986-005A
54. Cosmos 1745 May 23, 1986 1986-037A
55. Cosmos 1759 June 18, 1986 1986-047A
56. Cosmos 1802 November 24, 1986 1986-093A
57. Cosmos 1808 17th December 1986 1986-100A
58. Cosmos 1821 February 18, 1987 1987-017A
59. Cosmos 1864 July 6, 1987 1987-057A
60th Cosmos 1891 October 14, 1987 1987-087A
61. Cosmos 1904 December 23, 1987 1987-106A
62. Cosmos 1934 March 22, 1988 1988-023A
63. Cosmos 1959 July 18, 1988 1988-062A
64. Cosmos 2004 February 22, 1989 1989-017A
65th Cosmos 2016 April 4, 1989 1989-028A
66. Cosmos 2026 June 7, 1989 1989-042A
67. Cosmos 2034 July 25, 1989 1989-059A
68. Cosmos 2061 March 20, 1990 1990-023A
69. Cosmos 2074 April 20, 1990 1990-036A
70th cosmos 2100 September 14, 1990 1990-083A
71. Cosmos 2135 February 26, 1991 1991-013A
72. Cosmos 2142 April 16, 1991 1991-029A
73. Cosmos 2154 August 22, 1991 1991-059A
74. Cosmos 2172 November 22, 1991 1991-079A
75. Cosmos 2180 17th February 1992 1992-008A
76. Cosmos 2184 April 15, 1992 1992-020A
77. Cosmos 2195 July 1, 1992 1992-036A Failure after 12 months
78. Cosmos 2218 October 29, 1992 1992-073A
79. Cosmos 2233 February 9, 1993 1993-008A
80. Cosmos 2239 April 1, 1993 1993-020A
81. Cosmos 2266 2nd November 1993 1993-070A
82. Cosmos 2279 April 26, 1994 1994-024A
83. Cosmos 2310 March 22, 1995 1995-012A
84. Cosmos 2321 October 6, 1995 1995-052A only achieved a 256 × 754 km orbit due to errors in the second stage
85. Cosmos 2327 January 16, 1996 1996-004A
86. Cosmos 2334 5th September 1996 1996-052A Start together with UNAMSAT B
87. Cosmos 2336 December 20, 1996 1996-071A
88. Cosmos 2341 April 17, 1997 1997-017A
89. Cosmos 2346 September 23, 1997 1997-052A Start together with Faisat 2v
90. Cosmos 2361 December 24, 1998 1998-076A
91. Cosmos 2366 August 26, 1999 1999-045A
92. Cosmos 2378 June 8, 2001 2001-023A
93. Cosmos 2389 May 28, 2002 2002-026A
94. Cosmos 2398 June 4, 2003 2003-023A
95. Cosmos 2407 July 22, 2004 2004-028A
96. Cosmos 2414 January 20, 2005 2005-002A Start together with Universitetsky (Tatyana)
97. Cosmos 2429 September 11, 2007 2007-038A
98. Cosmos 2454 July 21, 2009 2009-039A Start together with Sterch 1
99. Cosmos 2463 April 27, 2010 2010-017A

Start list Zikada

satellite Start date COSPAR name Remarks
1. Cosmos 883 15th December 1976 1976-122A
2. Cosmos 926 July 8, 1977 1977-062A
3. Cosmos 1000 March 31, 1978 1978-034A
4th cosmos 1092 April 11, 1979 1979-030A
5. Cosmos 1168 March 17, 1980 1980-022A
6. Cosmos 1226 December 10, 1980 1980-099A
7. Cosmos 1304 4th September 1981 1981-087A
8. Cosmos 1339 17th February 1982 1982-012A
9. Cosmos 1506 October 26, 1983 1983-108A
10. Cosmos 1553 17th May 1984 1984-046A
11. Cosmos 1655 May 30, 1985 1985-041A
12. Cosmos 1727 January 23, 1986 1986-008A
13. Cosmos 1791 November 13, 1986 1986-086A
14. Cosmos 1816 January 29, 1987 1987-009A
15. Cosmos 1861 June 23, 1987 1987-054A equipped with RS 10 & RS11 amateur radio equipment
16. Cosmos 2123 5th February 1991 1991-007A equipped with RS 12 & RS13 amateur radio equipment
17. Cosmos 2181 March 9, 1992 1992-012A
18. Cosmos 2230 January 12, 1993 1993-001A
19. Zikada 1 January 24, 1995 1995-002A together with Faisat 1 , Astrid 1
20. Cosmos 2315 5th July 1995 1995-032A with course search and rescue system

Start list Nadeschda

satellite Start date COSPAR name Remarks
1. Cosmos 1383 June 29, 1982 1982-066A
2. Cosmos 1447 March 24, 1983 1983-021A
3. Cosmos 1574 June 21, 1984 1984-062A
4. Nadezhda 1 4th July 1989 1989-050A
5. Nadezhda 2 February 27, 1990 1990-017A
6. Nadezhda 3 March 12, 1991 1991-019A
7.Nadezhda 4 July 14, 1994 1994-041A
8.Nadezhda 5 December 10, 1998 1998-072A together with Astrid 2
9. Nadezhda 6 June 28, 2000 2000-033A First launch from Plesetsk and a Zikada satellite in a sun-synchronous 686 km × 712 km × 98.1 ° orbit
10. Nadezhda 7 / Nadezhda-M September 26, 2002 2002-046A

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Parus in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
  2. ↑ Tsikada in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)
  3. ↑ Parus, Zikada and Nadeschda satellites on satellitenwelt.de ( Memento from January 16, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
  4. ↑ Parus and Sterkh start with Kosmos 3M on Der Orion
  5. ↑ Parus on Gunter's Space Page
  6. ↑ Tsikada on Gunter's Space Page
  7. ↑ Nadezhda in the Encyclopedia Astronautica (English)