Phenes raptor
| Phenes raptor | ||||||||||||
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name of the genus | ||||||||||||
| Phenes | ||||||||||||
| Rambur , 1842 | ||||||||||||
| Scientific name of the species | ||||||||||||
| Phenes raptor | ||||||||||||
| Rambur , 1842 |
Phenes raptor is a species of dragonfly from South America. It is the only species of the ( monotypical ) genus Phenes and the only representative of the small, relict family Petaluridae in South America.
features
Adults
The species reaches a body length of 55 to 88 millimeters. The pterothorax is light brown to gray-yellow in color with a small, dark spot at the upper end of each of the lateral (lateral) sutures. The abdomen is light brown to gray with irregular darker bands in the front halves of the segments. The wings are clear (hyaline) without spotting or banding with a very narrow, elongated pterostigma . The head has two small, horn-like protrusions protruding backwards on the occiput, and in the female there is also a dorsal tubercle between them . The mesepimeron (the middle lateral trunk section) has a distinct thorn below, the mesepisternum is coarse-grained. The genital appendages on the abdomen of the males have a hook-shaped, downwardly protruding epiproct , the cerci are shorter and bent downward at a hook-shaped angle of 90 degrees.
Larvae
The larvae reach a length of 46 millimeters. They have a catch mask with a flat, non-mask-shaped hollowed pre-mentum . The labium is quite short, about as wide as it is long, the labial palps have a straight inner edge. The antennas are relatively narrow, remarkably short and consist of seven segments. A semicircular outgrowth covered by thick hair sits above the lateral ocelli , and further hairy tubercles sit on the occiput . The rails of the legs have a hook-shaped protrusion on the inside, which is used for digging, and four strong end spikes. On the sides of the abdominal segments are four pairs of long, protruding tufts of hair; in living animals, these hold onto sediment and detritus and thus mask the animal. The anal pyramid at the end of the abdomen is directed upwards.
Ecology and way of life
The biology of the species is insufficiently researched. Adults fly over streams in forests in the mountainous area, often in deeply cut ravines, or in forest clearings. The larvae live terrestrially , which is unusual for dragonfly larvae . They colonize swamps, but also the litter layer of ground-wet forests.
Phylogeny and Systematics
The relict, morphologically original family Petaluridae shows a disjoint distribution area in North and South America, Japan, and the Pacific region. According to phylogenomic analyzes (comparison of homologous DNA sequences), Phenes raptor is most closely related to the other southern hemisphere genera, which can be defined as the subfamily Petalurinae. There is therefore no confirmation for an independent subfamily Pheninae, which had been proposed on the basis of morphological characteristics.
After Gerhard Jurzitza described a second subspecies from Chile in 1989, two subspecies are distinguished:
- Phenes raptor raptor rambur , 1842
- Phenes raptor centralis Jurzitza , 1989
distribution
The species lives in central and southern Chile, with few occurrences in the neighboring, westernmost Argentina ( Neuquén province ).
Danger
Phenes raptor is considered safe ( IUCN category: least concern)
Individual evidence
- ^ Rosser W. Garrison, Natalia von Ellenrieder, Jerry A. Louton: Dragonfly Genera of the New World: An Illustrated and Annotated Key to the Anisoptera . JHU Press, 2006, ISBN 978-0-8018-8446-7
- ^ Charles W. Heckman: Encyclopedia of South American aquatic Insects: Odonata - Anisoptera . Springer, 2006, ISBN 978-1-4020-4801-2
- ↑ a b Günther Fleck (2011): Phylogenetic affinities of Petaluridae and basal Anisoptera families (Insecta: Odonata) . Stuttgart Contributions to Natural History A, New Series 4: 83–104.
- ↑ Ian RC Baird (2013): Larval habitat and behavior of Phenes raptor (Odonata: Petaluridae): a review of current knowledge, with new observations . International Journal of Odonatology 16 (1): 79-91. doi : 10.1080 / 13887890.2012.757723
- ↑ Frank Louis Carle, Karl M. Kjer, Michael L. May (2015): A molecular phylogeny and classification of Anisoptera (Odonata) . Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 73 (2): 281-301. PDF
- ↑ G. Jurzitza (1989): Phenes raptor centralis n. Subsp. from Chile (Odonata: Petaluridae) . Entomological Journal 99 (12): 161-168.
- ↑ phenes raptor in the endangered Red List species the IUCN 2015 Posted by: Ellenrieder, N. & Paulson, D., 2007. Retrieved on October 2, 2015.