Pierre-Joseph Macquer
Pierre-Joseph Macquer (born October 9, 1718 in Paris ; † February 15, 1784 there ) was an influential French doctor and chemist of the 18th century.
Live and act
He was the eldest son of Joseph Macquer (* around 1675) and Marie-Anne Caillet (* around 1685). His father had Scottish origins. After graduating from the Faculté de médecine de Paris, the medical faculty of the Sorbonne , in 1742 (doctorate), he practiced for a few years as a doctor for the poor in the parishes of Saint-Nicolas and Saint-Sauveur , very close to his home in the rue Saint-Sauveur . He also studied chemistry under Guillaume-François Rouelle at the Jardin du Roi and soon began to conduct chemical studies independently. Macquer gave private chemistry courses, from 1757 also together with Antoine Baumé , with whom he founded a pharmaceutical-chemical school. In 1752 he was a year professor of pharmacy at the Medical Faculty of the Sorbonne. From 1771 he was professor of chemistry at the Jardin du Roi .
He was the author of several well-known and popular textbooks. In 1749 he wrote Eléments de chimie-théorique , in 1751 the practical part followed. Macquer was best known as the author of the Dictionnaire de chymie ("Chymic dictionary"), first published in 1766 , the first chemical encyclopedic dictionary, which was widely used and translated into several languages. He also distinguished himself as an employee of the Encyclopédie d'Yverdon .
His main interest was the application of chemical knowledge in medicine . He also made important research contributions to porcelain production , dyeing and the saltpetre industry . From 1751 he advised the porcelain manufactory in Sèvres and was its director from 1766 (kaolin was used there for the first time in 1765 and real porcelain was produced from 1769). He is considered the discoverer of arsenic acid (potassium arsenate 1746) and in 1752 he first produced a solution of yellow blood liquor salt from Berlin blue and potassium hydroxide . His use of Berlin blue in the dyeing industry earned him the appointment of general inspector of dyeing works (1766). He was a supporter of the phlogiston theory and thus scientifically an avowed opponent of Antoine Laurent de Lavoisier , with whom he was friends.
Many other insights come from him. With Lavoisier in 1772 he proved that diamonds are flammable. He showed in 1747 that gypsum can be made from limestone and sulfuric acid and he found that chlorides and nitrates are generally more soluble in water than sulfates. He divided acids into animal, vegetable and mineral. He improved Jean Hellot's theory of textile dyeing .
In 1745 he was accepted into the Académie des Sciences .
The historian Philippe Macquer (1715-1770) was his brother. A marriage in 1748 resulted in two daughters.
Works (selection)
- Elémens de chymie-théorique , 1749
- Élémens de chymie-pratique, contenant la description des opérations fondamentales de la chymie, avec des explications & des remarques sur chaque opération , 2 volumes, 1751
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Dictionnaire de chymie, contenant la théorie et la pratique de cette science, son application à la physique, à l'histoire naturelle, à la médecine et aux arts dépendans de la chymie , 2 volumes, 1766, many other editions
- German translation of chemical dictionary and general terms of chyme , 6 volumes, Leipzig, from 1781 (translated and annotated by Johann Gottfried Leonhardi )
- Art de la teinture en soie , 1763
- Manuel du naturaliste , 1770
literature
- William E. Burns: Science in the Enlightenment. To Encyclopedia. ABC-Clio, Inc. Santa Barbara California (2003) ISBN 1-57607-886-8 p. 177
- Katja Schmiederer: The Dictionnaire de Chymie by Pierre Joseph Macquer , Sources and Studies on the History of Pharmacy, Volume 87, Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft Stuttgart 2009
- Winfried R. Pötsch (lead), Annelore Fischer, Wolfgang Müller: Lexicon of important chemists , Harri Deutsch 1989, p. 287
Web links
- Short biography of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin from The Packard Humanities Institute , accessed October 28, 2009
- Macquer in Pierer's Universal Lexicon, accessed October 28, 2009
- Bibliography at the University of Strasbourg, accessed October 28, 2009
- Katja Schmiederer: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Pierre Joseph Macquer as a lecturer in chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Paris. Acta - Congressus Historiae Pharmaciae 2001 (PDF; 24 kB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ dtv lexicon in 20 volumes, Munich 1999
- ↑ Dictionnaire des journalistes (1600–1789), online
- ↑ Genealogy of the parents
- ^ Encyclopedia.com WA Smeaton: Macquer, Pierre Joseph. On-line
- ↑ Katja Schmiederer: Page no longer available , search in web archives: Pierre Joseph Macquer as a lecturer in chemistry and pharmacy at the University of Paris. Acta - Congressus Historiae Pharmaciae (2001), online ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 24 kB)
- ^ Meyer's Large Conversational Lexicon. History of chemistry
- ^ Claude Viel, Le salon et le laboratoire de Lavoisier à l'Arsenal, cénacle où s'élabora la nouvelle chimie, Revue d'Histoire de la Pharmacie, Volume 306, 1995, p. 257, online at Persee
- ^ List of members since 1666: Letter M. Académie des sciences, accessed on January 17, 2020 (French).
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Macquer, Pierre-Joseph |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Macquer, Pierre Joseph |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | French chemist |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 9, 1718 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Paris |
| DATE OF DEATH | February 15, 1784 |
| Place of death | Paris |