Pledge of Allegiance
| Wording of the Pledge of Allegiance (changes in bold italics) | |
|---|---|
| 1892 | |
| "I pledge allegiance to my flag and the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." | |
| 1892 to 1923 | |
| "I pledge allegiance to my flag and to the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." | |
| 1923 to 1924 | |
| "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States and to the republic for which it stands: one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all." | |
| 1924 to 1954 | |
| "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands; one nation indivisible with liberty and justice for all. " | |
| since 1954 | |
| "I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for Which It stands, one N ation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." | |
Pledge of Allegiance ( English allegiance ) is in the United States usual loyalty - pledge to the nation and the flag of the United States . ( Allegiance is a word with many shades of meaning or facets, and it means allegiance , obedience, loyalty , allegiance, sense of belonging ). It is usually done jointly and unanimously at public events. Especially in public schools, the oath of loyalty is often part of the common morning ritual. At the personal level there is no obligation to participate.
history
The Pledge of Allegiance was first published in 1892 by Christian socialist Francis Bellamy in Youth's Companion Magazine in Boston , Massachusetts to celebrate the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. The pledge is said to have been invented by James B. Upham, junior partner and editor of The Youth's Companion . According to the author Margarette S. Miller, Bellamy invented the Bellamy greeting, which the schoolchildren were supposed to give the flag while standing. This gesture, which was comparable to the Roman salute or Hitler salute , was practiced in the USA and abolished in 1942 after the USA entered the Second World War in order to distance itself from fascism .
It was later officially recognized in a law passed by Congress on June 22, 1942 . In its original version, the oath read "my flag" (rather than "the flag of the United States"). This change in wording was made in 1923.
While the oath is being taken, the flag law stipulates that those who swear must rise. Many swearers hold their right hand on their heart, but at least they are expected to place their hands behind the body, on the back, as a sign of respect. Again, the flag law is applicable law, but punishment would - as stated several times - violate the American Constitution ( 1st Amendment ).
text
"I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one Nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all."
There is also an official translation into German:
"I swear allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and the republic for which it stands, a nation under God, indivisible, with freedom and justice for everyone."
elements
Under God
The phrase under God was added when the law was passed in Congress on June 14, 1954 under Dwight David Eisenhower . In 2002 the phrase was declared unconstitutional in a court case at the Ninth Court of Appeal , which is responsible for the western United States, because it favors monotheism. Propagating a certain belief is not a matter for the state. Michael Newdow sued and brought the case as Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow before the United States Supreme Court , which overturned the Court of Appeal's decision in 2004 on formal grounds. In 2010, in a new procedure, the formula of the pledge was declared to be constitutional. In doing so, the court relied on an earlier judgment in which it was about the motto In God We Trust . The court again that it when using the name of God just to ceremonial deism (ceremonial deism ) IN QUESTION and dismissed the lawsuit.
additional
- The phrase "One Nation under God" gave its name to an album by BE Taylor and a documentary film by Will Bakkes.
- The same phrase is used in the song American Jesus from the Bad Religion album Recipe for Hate .
- The phrase " ... And Justice for All " is the title of a film by Norman Jewison .
- The phrase " ... And Justice for All " is the title of an album by Metallica .
- The phrase "And Justice for All" is the title of a documentary by Michael Moore .
- There are similar oaths of loyalty in the Philippines and South Korea.
See also
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Judges Ban Pledge of Allegiance From Schools, Citing 'Under God' . nytimes.com, June 27, 2002
- ^ Margarette S. Miller: Twenty Three Words: A Biography of Francis Bellamy: Author of the Pledge of Allegiance . Natl Bellamy Award, 1976, ISBN 978-0-686-15626-0 .
- ↑ US History (English)
- ↑ Archived copy ( memento of the original from October 14, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ usa.usembassy.de
- ↑ Lauren Markoe: Atheists Lose Latest Battle To Remove 'In God We Trust' From US Currency . Religion News Service . May 29, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
- ↑ Lynch v. Donnelly, 465 US 668 (1984) US Supreme Court
- ↑ American Jesus. Recipe For Hate, Bad Religion. In: epitaph.com. Epitaph Records , 2013, accessed November 8, 2018 .
- ↑ chanrobles.com
