Plus symptoms

Under Plus symptoms the description of clinical images is in the psychiatry understood that one imagines as active and productive to introduce new products of mental organization.

These pictures are separated from the so-called minus symptoms . From a psychodynamic point of view, the emergence of plus phenomena is attributed to the use of a high level of mental energy. According to this view, negative phenomena are caused by dynamic emptying , cf. also organodynamic theory . The question arises as to the cause or the cause of the energy expenditure, cf. in addition the concept of primary symptoms coined by Eugen Bleuler in 1911 . The terms plus and minus symptoms go back to Walter Birkmayer , who first used them in 1962.

Plus symptoms

A distinction is made between plus symptoms:

Mental plus symptoms: restlessness, increased drive, increased ideas, excitement.
Affective plus symptoms: irritable mood, restlessness, fear, inner tension
Vegetative plus symptoms: insomnia, palpitations, sweats, high blood pressure, spasms in the gastrointestinal tract, cramping of the airways

As signs of illness, these symptoms are not necessary for the diagnosis of a certain clinical picture, but are to be regarded as diagnostically unspecific. They can be viewed as lying within the physiological fluctuation range of psychological functions, or u. U. be seen as signs of disorders from the small psychiatry group.

Plus symptoms

The situation is different with the plus symptoms. This clearly includes some symptoms of schizophrenia :

increased affective arousal and tension

psychotic experience productions such as delusional ideas , delusional perceptions ,

Hallucinations usually acoustic,

Experiences of being made or of influencing the ego, such as B. Withdrawal of will,

Thought-in , thought-out, or thought-spreading .

These symptoms are largely identical to the first-rate symptoms according to Kurt Schneider .

criticism

Even if the appearance of plus symptoms in the form of hallucinations was seen as an indication for treatment with medication ( neuroleptics ), the psychodynamic concept on which the term plus symptoms is based also provides access to a psychotherapeutic treatment approach. The concept of plus symptoms leaves the question of origin open. The relationship between psychogenesis and somatogenesis remains unclear. When using the term primary symptoms, however, the immediate consequence of a hypothetical body process is assumed. The emergence of the plus and minus symptoms can u. U. can be explained after the general adjustment syndrome , which is also named after Hans Selye (1907–1982). The assumption of a disproportion between the external and internal stimulus as the trigger of the alarm reaction (plus symptoms) and the correspondence between the minus symptoms and the stage of exhaustion cannot claim any objective significance. Rather, the individual meaning of what is experienced as stress remains unanswered. The understanding of the plus and minus symptoms also arises from the theory of a disinhibition of lower centers , which is conspicuous as a plus symptom, through the failure or loss of control of higher centers (minus symptom). Both are mutually dependent.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d Peters, Uwe Henrik : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich ³ 1984; Wb.-lemmas: plus symptoms , plus symptoms page 417; Minus symptoms , minus symptoms : page 352; Emptying, psychodynamic side 163; Primary Symptoms on page 424
^ ^A ^b Hans-Joachim Haase : Therapy with psychotropic drugs and other drugs that influence mental well-being . FK Schattauer, Stuttgart, ⁴ 1977, ISBN 3-7945-0490-9 ; P. 166 f.
↑ Bleuler, Eugen : Textbook of Psychiatry . Springer, Berlin ¹⁵ 1983; edited by Manfred Bleuler with the assistance of J. Angst et al., ISBN 3-540-11833-0 ; Page 173
↑ Benedetti, Gaetano : Psychosis Therapy . Hippokrates-Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-7773-0562-6 ; Discussion of the theory of mental defect and the problem of primary symptoms : page 32
↑ Hoffmann, Sven Olav and Hochapfel, G .: Neurosenlehre, psychotherapeutic and psychosomatic medicine. [1999], Compact textbook, Schattauer, Stuttgart ⁶ 2003, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 ; "Applicability of the stress theory": page 209 ff.
↑ Jean Delay , Pierre Pichot: Medical Psychology . Translated and edited by Wolfgang Böcher, Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart ⁴ 1973, ISBN 3-13-324404-3 ; P. 274 f. to Stw. "hierarchical bio-psychological theory".

Nosology History of Psychiatry

[WPP-1] Peters, Uwe Henrik : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology . Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich ³ 1984; Wb.-lemmas: plus symptoms , plus symptoms page 417; Minus symptoms , minus symptoms : page 352; Emptying, psychodynamic side 163; Primary Symptoms on page 424

[TMP-2] A ^b Hans-Joachim Haase : Therapy with psychotropic drugs and other drugs that influence mental well-being . FK Schattauer, Stuttgart, ⁴ 1977, ISBN 3-7945-0490-9 ; P. 166 f.

[BLE-3] Bleuler, Eugen : Textbook of Psychiatry . Springer, Berlin ¹⁵ 1983; edited by Manfred Bleuler with the assistance of J. Angst et al., ISBN 3-540-11833-0 ; Page 173

[4] Benedetti, Gaetano : Psychosis Therapy . Hippokrates-Verlag, Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-7773-0562-6 ; Discussion of the theory of mental defect and the problem of primary symptoms : page 32

[NPP-5] Hoffmann, Sven Olav and Hochapfel, G .: Neurosenlehre, psychotherapeutic and psychosomatic medicine. [1999], Compact textbook, Schattauer, Stuttgart ⁶ 2003, ISBN 3-7945-1960-4 ; "Applicability of the stress theory": page 209 ff.

[MPS-6] Jean Delay , Pierre Pichot: Medical Psychology . Translated and edited by Wolfgang Böcher, Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart ⁴ 1973, ISBN 3-13-324404-3 ; P. 274 f. to Stw. "hierarchical bio-psychological theory".