Organo-dynamic theory

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The organodynamic theory was developed in 1936 by Henri Ey (1900–1977). Above all, it serves the understanding of complex psychiatric or emotional disorders such as the understanding of hallucinations . However, it also serves to understand functional, purely physiological relationships such as the development of personality traits or the sleep wake rhythm and thus makes the boundary between pathological and healthy well-being appear blurred.

This understanding is possible due to the assumption of simple neurological or organic disorder patterns ( organogenesis ). It remains to be seen whether this is serious and irreversible organic damage or a defect , or whether there is only a slight functional disorder of a more psychogenic nature. In any case, according to Ey, the basic organic functions are also affected. This theory can therefore be used both in a neurological and in a psychiatric , but especially in a psychoanalytical, respect. Ey was of the opinion that the complex functions of the organism are structured hierarchically . They are the result of a development from simpler services.

So he joined the originally evolutionist theories of Herbert Spencer (1820-1903). This was of the opinion that the loss of central nervous functions proceeds in the reverse order in which they were built up in the course of evolution .

Origin of the theory

Henri Ey's organodynamic theory was directly inspired and conveyed by the teaching of the English neurologist John Hughlings Jackson (1835–1911). Oriented on the aforementioned philosophy of Herbert Spencer of the evolution and dissolution (dissolution) of structures (formations) and functions, Jackson took the view that the more highly organized and complex activities are first affected when neurological structures are lost. The hierarchically higher functions, which are dependent on an assigned and reliably structured work of the lower functions, would be lost first, while the historically older and simpler functions would be retained the longest. The transfer of these neurophysiological theories to psychological and psychopathological issues was also carried out by Théodule Ribot (1839-1916). The Ribotsche law is known today. Henri Ey took over the theory of psychodynamism from his teacher Henri Claude (1869–1945).

In setting up his theory, Henri Ey came in contradiction to the neurological localization theory , as it was represented in particular by Paul Broca (1824-1880). However, since this opposition cannot justify any claim to absoluteness on the part of one side, Jackson's theory remains particularly valid for general, not sharply localizable noxae . An answer to the objections e.g. T. precisely lolalisierbarer neurological disorders one hand, and by subordinate centers in the sense of positive symptoms continue guided locations on the other hand, the model of the Diaschisis of Constantin von Monakow (1853-1930). It can be considered as a continuation of the idea of developmental structure of the central nervous system .

Jackson himself was in contact with Sigmund Freud . However, while Freud almost gave up neurology in order to devote himself entirely to psychogenic questions, Henri Ey called for a complete connection between psychiatry and neurology in order to provide Freudianism with a sufficiently solid foundation. The psychoanalysis was to start the whole legacy of psychiatry, since he as a branch of dynamic psychiatry at her.

With this requirement, Henri Ey came into conflict with the constitutional doctrine as it had emerged from the French and German tradition. Based on the demand for a combination of these specialist areas, he also rejected the principles of antipsychiatry in the 1960s and also opposed the theses of Michel Foucault .

A practical application to schizophrenia

Henri Ey dealt with the hallucination symptomatology known in schizophrenic psychoses . It should be noted that, in contrast to the classical perceptual concepts of non-representational perception, as represented by Karl Jaspers (1883–1969), he collaborated with Pierre Janet (1859–1947) and Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum (1828–1899) Was a representative of the sensualistic or intellectualistic theory of perception, which is based on a disruption of judgment . The complex ability to judge is disturbed by the loss of the stable nervous order or its structured functions. However, this disturbance is also understandable according to the object relationship theory . The experience of the hallucination is perceived by the person concerned as a substitute for the lack of relationship objects in early childhood. Freud also understood hallucinations as regressive phenomena. They serve a wide variety of functions such as wish fulfillment, defense or compromise solution.

A physiological application of the theory

Henri Ey's organo-dynamic theory led him to distinguish between positive and negative symptoms. This distinction, which is later than positive symptoms and negative symptoms, has prevailed in the psychiatric nomenclature, based on the assumption that the evolutionary higher parts of the brain according to the model of horse and rider and control the lower control. If a higher center fails, the lower centers operate in their own way. One application of these views is the observation of different sleep stages and the active dream events . They are to be seen as positive sides of a reduced vigilance . This reduction in vigilance can accordingly also be viewed as a negative aspect in the form of quantitative disturbances of consciousness of higher centers. The physiological regression of the higher functions in this case causes an increase in the activity of the lower functions.

History of Psychiatry

With Henri Ey and his organo-dynamic teaching, a tradition that has long been known in the south of France is repeated. The dynamic aspects of the interaction of basic forces and individual forces was z. B. also a subject of the vitalistic theories of the school of Montpellier in the late 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century. Dynamic theorizing was a typical achievement of Romantic Medicine .

literature

  • Henri Ey : Études psychiatriques I-III . Desclée de Brouver, Paris 1948.

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A b c d Jean Delay , Pierre Pichot: Medical Psychology. 4th edition. Translated and edited by Wolfgang Böcher. Georg Thieme-Verlag, Stuttgart 1973, ISBN 3-13-324404-3 , p. 274 f. to Stw. "hierarchical bio-psychological theory".
  2. ↑ a b c Uwe Henrik Peters : Dictionary of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology. 3. Edition. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Munich 1984, p. 388 on Lexikon-Stw .: “organodynamic theory”; P. 284 on Lexikon-Stw. "Jackson, John Huglings".
  3. ↑ a b c d Elisabeth Roudinesco , Michel Plon: Dictionary of Psychoanalysis. Names, countries, works, terms. Springer, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-211-83748-5 , p. 277 f. ( Google books ).
  4. ↑ Georgi Schischkoff (Ed.): Philosophical dictionary. 14th edition. Alfred Kröner, Stuttgart 1982, ISBN 3-520-01321-5 , p. 654 on Wb.-Lemma "Spencer, Herbert".
  5. ↑ Peter Düweke: Brief history of brain research. From Descartes to Eccles. (= Beck's series ). 2001, ISBN 3-406-45945-5 , pp. 73 f.
  6. ↑ Martin Sack : From neuropathology to phenomenology . Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2005, ISBN 3-8260-2379-X , p. 44.
  7. ^ Henri Ey: Consciousness . Translated by Karl Peter Kister. de Gruyter, 1967, p. 1.
  8. ↑ Andrea Moldzio: Schizophrenia - a philosophical illness? Königshausen & Neumann, Würzburg 2004, ISBN 3-8260-2752-3 , p. 102 ff.
  9. ^ Klaus Dörner : Citizens and Irre. On the social history and sociology of science in psychiatry. (= Books of knowledge ). Fischer Taschenbuch, Frankfurt am Main 1975, ISBN 3-436-02101-6 ; to Stw. "Dynamic, dynamic", pp. 62 f., (71), 122, 176, 245.