Political parties in Vietnam

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The complicated history of Vietnam is reflected in the establishment of 140 parties, which have existed since 1905 and some of which have shaped the politics of the Vietnamese state structures.

Parties of the Nguyễn Dynasty and French Indochina 1905–1945

The Nguyễn dynasty , ruling since 1802, was in a suzerainty relationship with the Chinese Empire , which existed until the outbreak of the Sino-French War in 1884. The French colonial power divided Vietnam into different territories and degraded the Nguyễn emperor to ruler of the "Kingdom of Annam". The first parties in French Indochina emerged from 1905 with the Việt Nam Duy Tân Hội, the association for the modernization of Vietnam. The founders around Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để pursued an anti-colonialist, restorative policy in favor of the Vietnamese imperial family and maintained contacts with the Chinese reformer Liang Qichao and the liberal Japanese party leader Ōkuma Shigenobu . Another 44 parties were to follow by 1944, whose goals were, for example, the elimination of colonialism , the restoration of the imperial power of the Nguyễn, the building of a democratic state or the revolutionary struggle for a communist state. Were significant in the by the Chinese Guomindang inspired Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , National Party of Vietnam, the 1930 revolt against the French colonial power and was beaten and abroad organized Communists to Nguyễn Sinh Cung, which the struggle name Ho Chi Minh had gained. In the same year the Communists founded the Communist Party of Vietnam . After the République française had been crushed by the German occupation in World War II , the Japanese Empire sent troops to the previous French colonial area of ​​Vietnam in 1940, which, however, was still under French administration by the Vichy government (État française), which was dependent on the German National Socialists. A party founded at this time, the Việt Nam Quốc gia Độc lập Đảng, Party of National Independence of Vietnam, collaborated with the Japanese occupation forces, while other party foundations rejected any foreign rule.

Parties of the Đại Nam Empire (1945)

After the conquest of Vichy France by the Allies and the French withdrawal from Vietnam, Japan prompted Bảo Đại on March 11, 1945 to declare the independence of his country and proclaim an empire i Nam, Greater Vietnam. His imperial rule under Japanese domination only lasted until his resignation at the end of the war. The eight parties founded at this time were directed primarily against French colonial policy. For tactical reasons, the underground communists had changed the name of the Communist Party of Vietnam to Viet Minh in order to gain a wider following.

Parties of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (1945-1976)

Hồ Chí Minh in 1946

The communist Viet Minh dominated North Vietnam. Opposition groups, such as the Đảng Xã hội Việt Nam, Socialist Party of Vietnam, a party established in opposition to the Việt Minh in Cochinchina , was initially fought by the communists, whose founder Huỳnh Phú Sổ , who was also the founder of the Buddhist Hòa Hảo community, in 1947 , murdered. To prevent a renewed colonial rule, the communists established the Democratic Republic of Vietnam north of the 16th parallel . The Viet Minh, led by H Min Chí Minh , disbanded and in 1951 renamed itself Đảng lao ệng Vi Namt Nam, Workers' Party of Vietnam. It kept this name until the reunification of Vietnam and its transformation into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1976. Their subsidiary party fighting in South Vietnam, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, set up an apparatus of repression in their respective spheres of power, which included bans on critical newspapers, intimidation, arrests, torture and executions. For this reason, for example, persecuted Catholics fled by the hundreds of thousands after 1954 from the communist Democratic Republic of Vietnam in the north to South Vietnam. In addition, communist units committed a massacre of 4,000 people in 1968. The Democratic Republic of Vietnam, led by the Labor Party of Vietnam and its southern allies, the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam , held its own in both the First and Second Indochina Wars , that is, the Vietnam War .

Parties in South Vietnam (1945–1949)

During the time of political instability in the south, seven smaller parties emerged with a monarchist, nationalist, personalist, elitist orientation or one that cooperated with the previous colonial power of France.

Parties of the State of Vietnam (1949–1955)

The French colonial power tolerated the formation of a state of Vietnam in the south under Bảo Đại as head of state, who was previously emperor and had abdicated in 1945. A party that propagated personalism and was close to Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm was the Cần lao Nhân vị Cách Mạng Ðảng, founded in 1954, which was followed by another party of the same ideology in 1955, namely the Phong trào Cách mạng Quốc gia ("National Revolutionary Movement").

Parties of the Republic of Vietnam (1955–1975)

Ngô Đình Diệm

With the disempowerment of B Ento Đại by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm , a policy followed that distanced itself from France and moved closer to the USA . 59 parties were founded in the twenty years of the Republic of Vietnam's existence. The large number of parties in the Republic of Vietnam did not bring them any significant influence, as they were either dependent on the respective civil or military rulers, remained insignificant, or were fundamentally opposed to the government. Factors for destabilization were nepotism, corruption, the assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm as well as major military successes of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, which weakened the parties. In addition to the dominant Personalist Revolutionary Workers' Party, there were social democratic, religious-philosophical, communist or radical socialist party types.

Parties of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (from 1976)

The dominant party of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam is the Communist Party of Vietnam , which tolerates a bloc party , namely the Vietnamese Fatherland Front . Opposition parties are not tolerated and only exist underground or in exile. The Communist Party of Vietnam is ideologically oriented towards Marxism-Leninism and the thoughts of Hồ Chí Minh . Its organizational form is democratic centralism with a general secretary at the head. Similar to the Chinese Communist Party, the Communist Party carried out economic reforms under the slogan Đổi mới without affecting the political system.

literature

  • Stéphane Courtois (ed.): The black book of communism. Piper, Munich 1998, ISBN 978-3-492-04053-2 .
  • Haruhiro Fukui: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 2, Greenwood Press, Westport (Connecticut) & London 1985.
  • Ellen Joy Hammer: The Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955. Stanford University Press, Stanford 1954.
  • Thành Kô Lê: 3000 years of Vietnam. Fate and culture of a country. Kindler, Munich 1969.
  • Liang Fook Lye, Wilhelm Hofmeister (Eds.): Political Parties, Party Systems and Democratisation in East Asia. World Scientific Publishing Co., Singapore 2011, ISBN 978-981-4327-94-7 .
  • Jean-Louis Margolin: Vietnam: The Dead End of War Communism. In: Stéphane Courtois (ed.): The black book of communism . P. 630 ff.
  • Andrew Jon Rotter: The Path to Vietnam: Origins of the American Commitment to Southeast Asia . Cornell University Press, Ithaca - London, 1989.
  • Thomas Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2018, ISBN 978-3-938946-27-5 .
  • Thomas Weyrauch: Political Lexicon East Asia. Longtai, Heuchelheim 2019, ISBN 978-3-938946-28-2 .
  • L. Shelton Woods: Vietnam: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2002, ISBN 978-1-57607-416-9 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Thomas Weyrauch: The party landscape of East Asia. Pp. 345 ff. And 381; Lê: 3000 years of Vietnam. P. 276.
  2. ↑ Lê: 3000 years of Vietnam. Pp. 340 ff. And 347; Fukui: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 2, p. 1092; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 345 ff.
  3. ↑ Lê: 3000 years of Vietnam. P. 413; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 354 f .; Fukui: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 2, pp. 1133 and 1170.
  4. ↑ Lê: 3000 years of Vietnam. P. 429 ff .; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 356 ff .; Weyrauch: Political Lexicon East Asia. P. 122 f. and 226 ff .; Margolin: Vietnam. P. 633 ff.
  5. ^ Weyrauch: The party landscape of East Asia. P. 360 f .; Rotter: The Path to Vietnam. P. 87 ff.
  6. ↑ Hammer: The Struggle for Indochina, 1940–1955. P. 215; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 362; Fukui: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 2, p. 1136.
  7. ^ Fukui: Political Parties of Asia and the Pacific. Vol. 2, pp. 1100, 1114, 1118, 1137 and 1148; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 363 ff., List of parties p. 368–375; Weyrauch: Political Lexicon East Asia. P. 147 f. and 227 ff.
  8. ^ Duong Luan Thuy: The Vietnamese Communist Party and Renovation (Doi Moi) in Vietnam. In: Liang Fook Lye, Wilhelm Hofmeister (eds.): Political Parties, Party Systems and Democratisation in East Asia p. 49 ff, here p. 52; Weyrauch: The party landscape in East Asia. P. 376 ff .; Weyrauch: Political Lexicon East Asia. P. 35; Woods: Vietnam. P. 74;