Porcelain tooth

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Porcelain tooth is a name for dental prostheses made from ceramic materials. While classic household porcelain was initially used to manufacture artificial teeth in the 18th century, modern high-performance ceramics are used today . The established term porcelain tooth is still used as a trivial name.

history

The manufacture of porcelain teeth in the 18th century was an important material innovation for dentistry . In contrast to the organic materials used so far, such as ( bones , ivory , but also animal and human teeth), porcelain was resistant to the constant effects of saliva and food residues. Porcelain teeth could therefore be worn permanently without the fear of discoloration, bad smell, impairment of the taste sensation and infections in the oral cavity.

Porcelain teeth were first patented in 1787 by the French dentist Nicolas Dubois de Chémant , whose work was based on earlier experiments by the Parisian pharmacist Alexis Duchâteau . Factory production of porcelain teeth began in England as early as 1838, in the USA in 1844 and in 1893 in Germany with the establishment of the Wienand tooth factory in Pforzheim.

Historical prostheses with porcelain teeth

Dubois attached the porcelain teeth he developed to a prosthesis plate also made of porcelain. In 1815 the Italian dentist Giuseppangelo Fonzi succeeded in integrating porcelain teeth into a metal prosthesis plate. In 1864, Thomas W. Evans and Clark S. Putnam patented the first rubber prosthesis with porcelain teeth in the USA . From the 1930s on, plastic prostheses with porcelain teeth came into use.

Historic porcelain crowns

The first porcelain tooth to be worn individually is the porcelain pin crown developed by Dubois in 1802 , which was anchored in the tooth stump or root with a pin or stick. A second design variant was patented by the American dentist Charles Henry Land in 1889 : the jacket crown , which is placed on the ground tooth stump like a thimble, with a thin platinum or gold foil ensuring a precise fit.

Porcelain teeth as pioneers in dental implants

Giuseppangelo Fonzi is also credited with the first preliminary stage of modern one-piece ceramic implants: as early as 1806, he inserted porcelain teeth with a platinum hook, which were modeled on the natural tooth in the crown and root, directly into the alveolus. From the 1890s onwards, the search for suitable materials for dental implants intensified both in Europe and in the USA, with various metal alloys and porcelain teeth being used again and again, some of which already had a porous or roughened artificial root (1891 Wright, Znamensky 1891, Sholl 1903).

From porcelain to modern dental ceramics

An important factor in the development of porcelain teeth was the constant improvement of the chemical composition of the ceramic material as well as the manufacturing process. The first porcelain teeth made of silicate ceramics were still quite brittle, but they achieved improved strength through the constant reduction in the proportion of kaolin in favor of an increased proportion of feldspar . The vacuum firing process developed in 1949 at Zahnfabrik Wienand made it possible to remove the enclosed air from the ceramic mass and thus to reduce the pore volume, which resulted in a considerable improvement in the color and transparency of the porcelain teeth. New technical possibilities arose with the development of ceramic bonding in the 1950s and 1960s. The VMK® technology developed by Vita-Zahnfabrik and Degussa in 1962 is still in use worldwide today. In 1967 the first aluminum oxide ceramic was developed and two years later the first glass ceramic crowns . The currently most widespread ceramic material in dentistry - zirconium dioxide - has been established since the 1990s. Whereas the production of porcelain teeth was previously tied to a dental laboratory, the most modern chairside processes enable CAD / CAM-supported production of porcelain teeth directly in the practice.

Systematics and distinguishing features

In today's parlance, the term porcelain tooth is a trivial name for tooth crowns, sometimes also tooth bridges and dental implants made of ceramic materials, mostly made of zirconium dioxide , glass ceramic or lithium disilicate .

Dental crowns

If the natural tooth crown is irreparably damaged, but the tooth root is still stable, an artificial tooth crown can be used as a denture . If such a porcelain tooth is made for the front area, press ceramic made of lithium disilicate offers the best look. Zirconium dioxide crowns milled from one piece, on the other hand, are suitable for both the anterior tooth area and the higher loads in the area of ​​the canines and molars .

bridges

Porcelain teeth can also be part of dental bridges that close gaps in between one and four missing teeth. The high mechanical strength of zirconium dioxide enables the production of all-ceramic bridges in which both the artificial tooth crowns and the bridge framework are made entirely of ceramic (metal-free) materials.

Implants

Modern ceramic implants have been in use since the 1960s. It started with the CBS implant (crystalline bone screw) made of aluminum oxide , which is still used in a slightly modified form today. In the 1970s, the Tübingen immediate implant gained great popularity. In addition to one-piece implant systems made of ceramic, two-piece, reversibly screwable ceramic implants have also been available since MITTE 2018, which enable individual readjustment by selecting and setting the abutment

costs

The cost of a porcelain tooth mainly depends on which type of tooth replacement is required and which ceramic materials are used.

literature

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ B. Kurdyk: [Nicholas Dubois de Chemant and the use of porcelain in dentistry] . In: Le Chirurgien-Dentiste De France . tape 61 , no. 577 , September 19, 1991, ISSN  0009-4838 , pp. 49-50, 53-54 , PMID 1935365 .
  2. ↑ Claire Wirthwein, Comparative evaluation of the critical strength properties of dental feldspar ceramics from DCS, Chapter 2, 2006.
  3. ↑ Bernard Kurdvk: Giuseppangelo Fonzi. In: Journal of the History of Dentistry. Vol. 47, No. 2, 1999, ISSN  0007-5132 , pp. 79-82, ( [1] digitized version . Retrieved September 24, 2018).
  4. ^ Heinrich Schnettelker, The History of the Rubber Prosthesis (PDF) Dissertation, 2001. Accessed on September 24, 2018.
  5. ^ Alfred Renk: Material science, dental. In: Werner E. Gerabek , Bernhard D. Haage, Gundolf Keil , Wolfgang Wegner (eds.): Enzyklopädie Medizingeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2005, ISBN 3-11-015714-4 , pp. 1472 f .; here: p. 1472.
  6. ↑ Charles Henry Land, The scientific adaptation of artificial dentures digitized, 1885. Accessed September 24, 2018
  7. ↑ Ugo Pasqualini and Marco E Pasqualini, Treatise of Implant Dentistry: The Italian Tribute to Modern Implantology Chapter I, 2009, Retrieved September 24, 2018
  8. ↑ M. Saini, Y. Singh, P. Arora, V. Arora, K. Jain: Implant biomaterials: A comprehensive review. In: World journal of clinical cases. Volume 3, number 1, January 2015, pp. 52-57, doi : 10.12998 / wjcc.v3.i1.52 , PMID 25610850 , PMC 4295219 (free full text) (review).
  9. ↑ Claire Wirthwein, Comparative evaluation of the critical strength properties of dental feldspar ceramics from DCS, Chapter 2, 2006.
  10. ↑ Dr. med. dent. Kálmán Gelencsér, The porcelain tooth: high quality and aesthetic dentures