Spot-on
As a spot-on (from English: to spot , dribble ', on , on'; Standard name: "spot-on solution") refers to liquid antiparasitic acting veterinary medicinal products that are applied at a location of the skin. The active ingredients either enter the organism through the skin or are only distributed over the surface of the skin. Spot-ons are especially common for small animals and are used for both prevention and treatment. A typical place of application is the neck, as the animals cannot lick off the active ingredient here. Larger amounts should be distributed over several points. Medicinal preparations for large animals are usually spread over the back line, which is known as pour-on (from English: to pour , pour 'and on , on', "Aufgusspräparat", standard term: "solution to pour over"). Spot-ons are used in amounts of usually a maximum of 10 milliliters, pour-ons in amounts of usually at least 5 milliliters.
The uptake and distribution of the active ingredient depend on its chemical properties. For example, fipronil , imidacloprid , deltamethrin , flumethrin or permethrin do not penetrate the basal cell layer of the epidermis , rather they are distributed over the entire body surface by diffusion processes with the sebum (translocation). Amitraz is only approximately 10% systemically absorbed. Avermectins such as eprinomectin or ivermectin , on the other hand, are well absorbed; for selamectin , this is species-dependent ( high absorption in cats , hardly in dogs ). For the cat is also a combination product of emodepside and praziquantel as a spot-on (trade name Profender allowed) against roundworms and tapeworms, in which the active ingredients are rapidly absorbed.
The advantage of this form of application is that no special devices (immersion bath, spray attachment ) are required. The disadvantage is that the hair structure can impair the absorption of the active substance and the safety for the user and the environment has often not been adequately investigated.
literature
- Steven B. Kayne, Michael H. Jepson: Veterinary Pharmacy . Pharmaceutical Press, 2004, ISBN 9780853695349 , p. 110.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Standard Terms according to EDQM