Praobdellidae
| Praobdellidae | ||||||||||||
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![(A) Jaw of Tyrannobdella rex (B) Front suction cup of Tyrannobdella rex (C) Teeth of Tyrannobdella rex (D) Teeth of Limnatis paluda [1]](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Tyrannobdella_rex_teeth.png)
(A) Tyrannobdella rex jaw (B) Anterior suction cup of Tyrannobdella rex (C) Teeth of Tyrannobdella rex (D) Teeth of Limnatis paluda |
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Praobdellidae | ||||||||||||
| ( Sawyer , 1986) |
Praobdellidae is the name of a family of leeches in the subordination of the jaw rule , which, as endoparasites, suck the blood of mammals, especially on the mucous membranes in the mouth and the respiratory tract , and live in fresh water for the rest of the time . There are distribution areas on all continents with the exception of Australia and Antarctica.
features
The flukes of the Praobdellidae family have jaws in their mouths with usually fewer than 12, but no more than 34 teeth. As with other jaw rules, there are usually three jaws, but with Tyrannobdella rex only one - the middle dorsal jaw. The teeth on the jaws of the genera Praobdella and Myxobdella sit in two rows (distichodont), in the genera Limnatis and Tyrannobdella, however, in only one row (monostichodont), while the jaws of Dinobdella are toothless. The jaws or teeth are too soft to bite through human skin or mammalian fur, but they are suitable for rasping wounds in mucous membranes or amphibian skin. The mouth usually has a sail-like (velar) front lip on the front suction cup. The rear suction cup is almost always larger or at least as large as the widest part of the torso. There are no glandular areas on the abdomen of the body.
Life cycle and diet
In contrast to the majority of leeches, the Praobdellidae live as temporary endoparasites on the mucous membranes of the oral cavity , the nasal cavity and the upper respiratory tract of mammals , but the horse leech ( Limnatis nilotica ) , for example, which is feared as a mucous membrane parasite on cattle and humans , is also known to be ectoparasitic lives on amphibians whose thin skin he can rasp through with his soft teeth. Endoparasitism means that the leeches do not leave their host when they have soaked up, but stay there for a longer period of time and drink their fill several times. The adult leeches leave their host and live in fresh water. Like other belt worms , they are hermaphrodites and mate with each other when they mate. An egg cocoon is formed from the mucus of the clitellum , in which the fertilized eggs are laid. Ready-made little leeches hatch that need an opportunity to swim into the nose or mouth of a drinking mammal - or alternatively to attach themselves to an amphibian.
distribution
The species of the family Praobdellidae are distributed on all continents except Australia and Antarctica. The genus Praobdella is represented in Africa , Myxobdella in Africa and Asia , Dinobdella with the nose gel ( Dinobdella ferox ) common in cattle noses in Sri Lanka and in India in Asia. In Europe , Africa and Asia, the horse leech ( Limnatis nilotica ) and two other species of the genus Limnatis are found as mucosal parasites on game, cattle and humans. The other genera, however, have representatives in North America , Central America and South America , such as the genus Limnobdella with the species Limnobdella mexicana that lives in Mexico , the genus Pintobdella with the species Pintobdella chiapasensis , which was first found in the Mexican state of Chiapas , and the monotypical genus Tyrannobdella with the only species Tyrannobdella rex , which was isolated from the respiratory tract of people suffering from it on the eastern slope of the Andes of Peru ( San Martín and Junín region ).
Systematics
history
When the French zoologist Raphaël Blanchard described the corresponding genus in 1896 at the same time as the type species Praobdella büttneri , he decided on the generic name Praobdella , which translates as “milder, not cruel leech” ( ancient Greek πρᾶος prâos “gentle, mild, gracious” and βδ βλλα bdélla " leeches "), although the natural habitat and the way of life of the preserved animals were apparently unknown to him and there is no information on this in his work. Since then, no specimens of this species have been collected, but contrary to Blanchard's characterization as "mild flukes" (πραοβδέλλα), the other species of this family, which have been better studied, including the Praobdella radiata described by John Percy Moore in 1958, live as very feared endoparasites in the respiratory tract of mammals, so that the genus of the nose cone was named Dinobdella (δεινοβδέλλα), "terrible leech", in 1927 by John Percy Moore .
In 1986, the American zoologist Roy T. Sawyer described in his standard work Leech Biology and Behavior the Praobdellinae as a new subfamily within the family Hirudinidae with the distichodont genera Praobdella , Myxobdella and Dinobdella occurring in Africa and Asia . In their comparative molecular genetic and anatomical work of 2010, Anna J. Phillips and others admit the group's status as a family Praobdellidae and, in addition to the newly discovered Peruvian species Tyrannobdella rex, add the American genera Limnodella and Pintobdella as well as the Old World genus Limnatis to this family, so that now also monostichodontic leeches are included.
External system
The molecular genetic studies by Phillips and others in 2010 show that the Praobdellidae as a monophyletic group are the sister group of a taxon, which in turn consists of the two sister groups Macrobdellidae and Semiscolecidae . Within the jaw rule they are only distantly related to the Hirudinidae , to which the European medicinal leech belongs.
Genera
According to Phillips et al. In 2010, the Praobdellidae family included the following genera :
literature
- Roy T. Sawyer: Leech Biology and Behavior. Clarendon Press, Oxford 1986. Family: Hirudinidae Whitman, 1886a. Revised. - Subfamily: Praobdellinae (n. Subf.). P. 682.
- James H. Thorp, D. Christopher Rogers: Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates: Keys to Nearctic Fauna. Elsevier, Amsterdam 2015. p. 256.
- Anna J. Phillips, Renzo Arauco-Brown, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Gloria P. Gomez, María Beltrán, Yi-Te Lai, Mark E. Siddall (2010): Tyrannobdella rex n. Gen. N. Sp. and the evolutionary origins of mucosal leech infestations. PLoS One 5 (4), e10057. doi : 10.1371 / journal.pone.0010057 .
- Takafumi Nakano, Tatjana Dujsebayeva, Kanto Nishikawa: First record of Limnatispaluda (Hirudinida, Arhynchobdellida, Praobdellidae) from Kazakhstan, with comments on genetic diversity of Limnatis leeches. In: Biodiversity data journal. Number 3, 2015, p. E5004, doi : 10.3897 / BDJ.3.e5004 , PMID 25941456 , PMC 4411494 (free full text).
- Anna J. Phillips: A Phylogenetic Revision of the Medicinal Leeches of the World (Hirudinidae, Macrobdellidae, Praobdellidae). Dissertation, City University of New York (CUNY), October 17, 2012.
- Raphaël Blanchard (1896): Hirudineen from Togoland. Archive for Natural History 62 (1), pp. 49–53.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Anna J. Phillips, Renzo Arauco-Brown, Alejandro Oceguera-Figueroa, Gloria P. Gomez, María Beltrán, Yi-Te Lai, Mark E. Siddall (2010): Tyrannobdella rex n. Gen. N. Sp. and the evolutionary origins of mucosal leech infestations. PLoS One 5 (4), e10057. doi: 10.1371 / journal.pone.0010057 .