Pulaar
Pulaar | ||
---|---|---|
Spoken in |
Senegal , Mauritania , Gambia , Guinea-Bissau and Mali | |
speaker | 3.7 million | |
Linguistic classification |
Niger Congo
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Language codes | ||
ISO 639-3 |
fuc |
The Pulaar is a variant of the Fulfulde , which is spoken as the first language mainly by the Fulbe people and the assimilated Tukulor (or Toorobe) in the valley area of the Senegal River , which is traditionally known as Futa Toro .
The Pulaar speakers, known as Haalpulaar'en , live in Senegal , Mauritania , Gambia , Guinea-Bissau and western Mali .
There are several dialectal differences, but all dialects are mutually understandable.
Pulaar should not be confused with Pular , another variety of Fula spoken in Guinea-Conakry (including the Fouta Jallon region). The Pulaar and Pular varieties of Fulfulde are to some extent understandable, but use different literature.
Pulaar is written in a modified Latin alphabet , but was also written in an Arabic alphabet known as the Ajami script due to the Islamization by the Arabs in the north .
Linguistic peculiarities
The negative accomplicated verb form ends with -aani . It is slightly different from Maasina-Fulfulde and Pular . The easiest way to recognize the Pulaar is by the ending -de (instead of -gol) of the verbs. But it also has other peculiarities in terms of spelling and pronunciation. These indicate that Hālpulār is the origin of the Ful.
Web links
- The Ethnologue page about Pulaar ( English )
- Foreign Service Institute (1965): Fula Basic Course ( English ; PDF; 18.1 MB)