Cortaderia jubata
| Cortaderia jubata | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cortaderia jubata |
||||||||||||
| Systematics | ||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||
| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Cortaderia jubata | ||||||||||||
| ( Lemoine ) Stapf |
Cortaderia jubata , in German seldom referred to as purple pampas grass or Andean pampas grass, is a species ofthe sweet grass family (Poaceae). Similar to the American pampas grass Cortaderia selloana , to which it is very similar (possibly even conspecific ), the grass species native to South America wasplantedas an ornamental grass almost worldwide and has developed into an invasive species in many regions with climates similar to the region of origin. Cortaderia jubata was added to the list of invasive alien species of Union concern in 2019.
features
.jpg)
Cortaderia jubata is a noticeably dense and high clumps- forming, perennial grass species that reaches heights of three to four meters. The leaves are up to 2 meters long, they are stiff and hard, deep on the underside ( abaxial ), flatter ribs on the upper side, with a sharp edge. They are flat, folded into a V-shape when young. The ligule is replaced by a ring of hair. The panicle-shaped inflorescence is very large and striking, it clearly towers over the leaves. It is spread out like a feather, the species name refers to it (juba: Latin mane). Young it is often pink to purple, rarely pure white and changes color to brown with age. It is loosely pyramidal, with overhanging branches and reaches 75 to 90 centimeters in length. All flowers are female, the species reproduces asexually apomictic . Each individual plant can have between 5 and 20 inflorescences, which can produce up to 100,000 wind-dispersed seeds in one season. Each approximately 10 to 20 millimeter long, lanceolate spikelet is enclosed by single-veined, 5 to 14 millimeter long glumes , which reach about the same length as the three- veined , basal lemma (6 to 15 millimeters). The spikelet has three to five fertile flowers, and further sterile flowers can appear towards the tip. The lemmas are very long pulled out awn- like, but without a clearly recognizable awn . They are hairy long (about 6 to 10 millimeters).
The species differs most easily from the common American pampas grass in the young pink to purple, not pure white tinted young panicles, the complete absence of male flowers and the clear protrusion of the panicle over the leaves, but it is variable in these characteristics, so can American pampas grass has panicles tinged with pink. Locally, for example in South Africa, further differences are stated: The leaves are more pure green than blue-green and are not bristly at the tip. However, it is uncertain whether these characteristics also apply to other populations.
Spread, invasive species
The natural area of Cortaderia jubata includes the Yunga region of the Andes from northwest Argentina to Colombia, mostly at the edge of the forest at sea levels between 2000 and 3900 meters. The species has also been planted almost all over the world as an ornamental grass, albeit less often than the American pampas grass Cortaderia selloana s. st. It is overgrown in many regions and naturalized as a neophyte , for example in North America (California, Oregon, Washington), the Hawaiian Islands, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. In all regions it is now regarded as an undesirable, invasive species that reduces local biodiversity by displacing native vegetation. In California, for example, it is displacing shrubbery formations of the chaparral with numerous endemic plant species. In South Africa it forms similar to Cortaderia selloana s. st. extensive holdings in Gauteng . Since the species is difficult to distinguish from American pampas grass and has often been confused with this family of plants , the distribution is insufficiently known.
Naturalized occurrences are mainly found in areas with disturbed vegetation cover, on roadsides, on clear-cuts or burn sites, but from there they can penetrate into undisturbed areas. It prefers open, well-sunny locations, often better water-supplied locations such as wetlands. Seedlings have a high water requirement, while mature individuals are very drought-resistant. In California, Cortaderia jubata prefers locations close to the coast, it needs moist, open, well-sunlit soil to germinate. It blooms from late July to September, sometimes in the first year of growth. In contrast to Cortaderia selloana s. st. as sensitive to frost.
Although the species has been detectable as an ornamental plant in Europe since the 18th century, there are no established wild occurrences in either the Mediterranean region or Central or Western Europe. As a wild plant, it is also absent in Germany and Austria.
It is noticeable that the closely related pampas grass Cortaderia selloana s. st. has naturalized occurrences in the Mediterranean region, for example in Catalonia, whose negative impact on local biodiversity has been proven, but this species has not been included on the list of invasive alien species of Union-wide importance. The inclusion of this type, especially driven by France, is based on model calculations based on climatic variables ("climatic envelope" models), which have predicted a possible invasiveness in large parts of southern and western Europe.
Taxonomy and systematics
The genus Cortaderia includes almost 20 species that occur in South America. Previously attributed to species from New Zealand and New Guinea were in the newly described species Austroderia NPBarker & HPLinder and Chimaerochloa spun HP Linder. According to the genetic data, a genus Cortaderia, which is restricted to the South American species, is probably monophyletic and belongs to the core group of the Danthonioideae, which could be partly characterized by introgression through hybridization of related species. A closer examination of the Cortaderia selloana species group in 2014 revealed that Cortaderia jubata is an apomictic clan, presumably a result of polyploidization, whose combination of characteristics is included in the spectrum of characteristics of Cortaderia selloana . The researchers therefore suggested that in future it should be used as a subspecies of this, Cortaderia selloana subsp. jubata (Lemoine) Testoni & Villamil. This was confirmed in the generic revision by Daniel Testoni and Hans Peter Linder in 2017. Since the species is listed under the old name in the applied literature, including the regulations of the European Union, most of the authors have decided to keep it for the time being.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b c Daniel Testoni & H. Peter Linder (2017): Synoptic taxonomy of Cortaderia Stapf (Danthonioideae, Poaceae). PhytoKeys 76: 39-69. doi: 10.3897 / phytokeys.76.10808
- ↑ a b c d e f EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (editor) (2018): Pest risk analysis for Cortaderia jubata. EPPO, Paris. September 27, 2018. download
- ↑ a b E.R. Robinson (1984): Naturalized species of Cortaderia (Poaceae) in southern Africa. South African Journal of Botany 3: 343-346.
- ^ A b Daniel Testoni & Carlos B. Villamil (2014): Estudios del género Cortaderia (Poaceae). I. Sistemática y nomenclatura de la sect. Cortaderia. Darwinia, Nueva Series 2 (2): 260-276. doi: 10.14522 / darwiniana.2014.22.591
- ↑ John G. Lambrinos (2000): The impact of the invasive alien grass Cortaderia jubata (Lemoine) Stapf on an endangered mediterranean-type shrubland in California. Diversity and Distributions 6: 217-231.
- ↑ Joseph M. DiTomaso, Evelyn Healy, Carl E. Bell, Jennifer Drewitz, Alison Stanton (2010): Pampasgrass and Jubatagrass Threaten California Coastal Habitats. University of California WEED Research & Information Center WRIC Leaflet 99-1. 6 pages. and jubatagrass WRIC leaflet 99-1.pdf PDF
- ↑ List of invasive alien species of Union-wide importance (Union list) . BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation.
- ↑ Cortaderia jubata - purple pampas grass . Neobiota in Austria. The influence of alien species on genes, species, and ecosystems. published by the Federal Environment Agency, Vienna.
- ↑ Roser Domènech, Montserrat Vilà, Josep Gesti, Isabel Serrasolses (2006): Neighborhood association of Cortaderia selloana invasion, soil properties and plant community structure in Mediterranean coastal grasslands. Acta Oecologica 29: 171-177. doi: 10.1016 / j.actao.2005.09.004
- ↑ Michael D. Pirie, Aelys M. Humphreys, Nigel P. Barker, H. Peter Linder (2009): Reticulation, Data Combination, and Inferring Evolutionary History: An Example from Danthonioideae (Poaceae). Systematic Biology 58 (6): 612-628. doi: 10.1093 / sysbio / syp068
Web links
- purple pampas grass Cortaderia jubata (Lem.) Stapf. Invasive Plant Atlas of the United States . As of October 2018.
- Cortaderia jubata. GSID Global Invasive Species Database . Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG) of the IUCN Species Survival Commission. As of February 22, 2006.