Rössen culture

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The Rössen culture is a Central European culture of the Middle Neolithic and, according to radiocarbon dates, was made from charcoal between 4790 and 4550 BC. Chr. Dated. It follows the Großgartach culture with overlaps and is followed by the Bischheim culture . The term was introduced in 1900 by Alfred Götze . The eponymous grave field of Rössen , south of Rössen , today a district of Leuna , Saalekreis , Saxony-Anhalt is on the eastern edge of its distribution area. Between 1882 and 1890 and 1918, probably more than 100 graves, mainly of the Rössen culture, but also the Gatersleben culture and other cultures, were uncovered. Finds of the Rössen culture range from north-eastern France through eleven German federal states (with the exception of the northern area of ​​the North German Plain) to northern Switzerland and parts of Austria.

Ceramics

Ball beaker of the Rössen culture from Hüde , Lower Saxony

Typical vessel shapes are tall bowls with a stand, spherical beakers, pointed bowls and boat vessels. Their surface is mostly brown, red-brown, dark brown or gray-black and smooth. The characteristic decoration includes double stitches ("goat's foot stitches") laid out with white paste (so-called incrustation ), furrow-like stitches and stamp impressions.

Stone tools

Stone ax (wide wedge type Rössen) from Vernawahlshausen

The Silexinventar largely resembles that of the Pottery (blade industry with pyramidal cores), however, a significant change is emerging in the used raw materials: the predominant in the Pottery Rijckholt Flint is banded tabular chert (type Abensberg-Arnhofen replaced). The pierced high broad wedge is typical of the rock piercing tools , in addition, undrilled hatchets and adzes (cross hatchers) are also in use.

House building and settlement method

Long house in Bad Homburg vor der Höhe

There are only a few explored settlements. Examples are: Deiringsen - Ruploh , Bad Homburg and Schöningen- Esbeck . The trapezoidal and ship-shaped longhouses were up to 65 m long. Due to the floor plan, they probably had a sloping roof line. A multiple interior division is proven, so there were probably several small groups living in one house. Jens Lüning assumes that Rössen culture, in contrast to ribbon ceramics, is based on real village facilities. Some settlements were surrounded by earthworks. The settlements were predominantly in black earth areas , compared to the late ceramic band the settlement area had been reduced.

Funeral customs

Stool grave made of Rössen; Museum for Pre- and Protohistory Berlin

The dead were mostly buried as east-facing right stools. These graves were dug between 40 and 160 cm deep in the earth and partially covered with stone slabs. Little is known about their shape and size. Even less is known about cremation burials, the allocation of which is partially disputed. The corpse burn and the pyre ashes were collected and the unburned additions were placed next to it (so-called fire pit grave). Ceramic additions were foot cups, ball cups, eyelet cups, bowls, bowls, eyelet cups, bottles, amphorae, jugs and tubs. Next limestone rings , stone axes , flint blades and animal bones.

Cultures that are close in time and space

The Rössen culture replaced the linear ceramics in its western area of ​​distribution via the intermediate stages Hinkelstein , Großgartach and Planig-Friedberg . However, this “replacement” took place abruptly, because most of the Rössen settlements were not based on older ceramic band settlements, but presumably arose independently.

The Rössen culture is partly at the same time as the Bavarian Oberlauterbach group and the more recent Stichbandkeramik . It is being replaced in southwest Germany and northern Switzerland by the so-called Poströssen groups ( Wauwil , Bischoffingen-Leiselheim / Strasbourg (formerly Linsenkeramik)), Bischheim culture , Goldberg III , and Aichbühl culture . In parts of Central Germany, this is followed (possibly with a time gap) by the Gatersleben culture , a local expression of the early Neolithic Lengyel culture residing in the Czech Republic, Poland, Austria and Hungary , the Bavarian expression of which is the Münchshöfen culture , which there around 4400 BC. Begins. The end then prepares the Baalberg culture , the oldest group of funnel cup cultures .

literature

General

  • Hans-Jürgen Beier : The "Rössener Horizont" in Central Europe. In: Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe. Volume 6, Beier & Beran, Wilkau-Hasslau 1994.
  • Jens Ehrhardt: Rössen culture. In: H.-J. Beier and R. Einicke (eds.): The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. An overview and an outline of the state of research. Beier & Beran publishing house. Wilkau-Hasslau 1994, 67-83, ISBN 3-930036-05-3 .
  • Joachim Preuss : The Neolithic in Central Europe. Cultures-Economy-Environment from the 6th to 3rd millennium BC, overviews of the state of research. 3 vols. Beier and Beran, Wilkau-Haßlau, Weißbach 1996, 1998, 1999, ISBN 3-930036-10-X .
  • Dieter Kaufmann : The Rössen culture in Central Germany. Catalog of the Rössen and Rössenzzeit finds. Altkreise Altenburg to Gotha (= publications of the State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt - State Museum for Prehistory. Volume 72). 2 volumes. State Office for Monument Preservation and Archeology Saxony-Anhalt, State Museum for Prehistory, Halle (Saale) 2017, ISBN 978-3-944507-41-5 .

genesis

  • W. Meier-Arendt: On the question of the genesis of the Rössen culture. In: Germania. 52/1, 1974, 1-15. ISSN  0016-8874
  • Hans-Jürgen Beier (Ed.): The Rössener horizon in Central Europe. Contributions to the prehistory and early history of Central Europe, Volume 6. Wilkau-Haßlau 1994, ISBN 3-930036-04-5 .
  • J. Erhardt: Rössen culture. In: H.-J. Beier, R. Einicke (Ed.): The Neolithic in the Middle Elbe-Saale area. Wilkau-Haßlau 1996, 76-77.

Pottery and Chronology

  • Hermann Behrens : The Rössener, Gaterslebener and Jordansmühler Group in Central Germany. Fundamenta A 3, part Va. Cologne 1972, 270 ff.
  • Jan Lichardus : Rössen - Gatersleben - Baalberge. A contribution to the chronology of the Central German Neolithic and the origin of the funnel cup cultures (= Saarbrücker Contributions to Antiquity. Volume 17). 2 volumes. Habelt, Bonn 1976, ISBN 3-7749-1303-X .
  • K. Mauser-Goller: The Rössen culture in its southwestern distribution area. Fundamenta A 3, part Va. Cologne 1972, 231-268.
  • Franz Niquet : The Rössen culture in Central Germany. Year chr. Medium Pre. 26th 1937.
  • H. Spatz, S. Alföldy-Thomas: The "big pit" of the Rössen culture in Heidelberg-Neuenheim. Material booklets pre and early business Baden-Wuerttemberg 11th Stuttgart 1988.
  • Otto Thielemann : A beautiful Rössen vase from Burgdorf, Goslar district. The customer, born 9/10 1941.

nutrition

  • Jens Lüning : Stone Age farmers in Germany - agriculture in the Neolithic. University research on prehistoric archeology 58. Habelt, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-7749-2953-X .
  • U. Piening: Plant residues - The plant residues from pits of the linear ceramics and the Rössen culture of Ditzingen, district of Ludwigsburg. In: Fundber. Baden-Württemberg 22/1. 1998, 125-160.

House building

  • M. Dohrn: Neolithic settlements of the Rössen culture in the Lower Rhine Bay. Munich 1983.
  • A. Jürgens: The Rössen settlement of Aldenhoven, Kr. Düren. In: Rhine. Excavation. 1979, 19 , 385-505.
  • R. Kuper: Der Rössener Siedlungsplatz Inden I. Dissertation print, Cologne 1979.
  • J. Lüning: Settlement and settlement landscape in the ceramic and Rössen period. In: Offa. 39. 1982, 9-33.
  • H. Luley: The reconstruction of a house of the Rössen culture in the archaeological open-air museum Oerlinghausen. In: Arch. Mitt. Nordwestdeutschl. Supplement 4. Oldenburg 1990, 31-44.
  • H. Luley: Prehistoric house building in Central Europe. Basic research, environmental conditions and structural reconstruction. University research prehist. Arch. 7. Bonn 1992.
  • K. Günther: The Neolithic settlement Deiringsen / Ruploh in the Soester Börde. Munster 1976.

Burial grounds

To the Rössen cemetery:

  • Alexander Nagel: Catalog for the collection of prehistoric antiquities by A. Nagel in Passau . Passau 1881.
  • Alexander Nagel: In: Journal for Ethnology . 1882, p. 143.
  • Alexander Nagel: In: Korrespondenzblatt f. Anthropology . XVIII, 1887, pp. 19-20.
  • Hans von Borries: Report on the excavation of prehistoric graves near Rössen an der Saale, Merseburg district, on July 21, 30 and 31, 1883 . In: Prehistoric Antiquities of the Province of Saxony . Book III, 1886, pp. 1-6.
  • A. Götze: The Neolithic cemetery of Rössen and a new ceramic group . In: Journal of Ethnology . 1900, 237-259.
  • N. Niklasson: In: Mannus . XI-XII, 1919-1920, pp. 309-337.
  • F. Niquet: The burial ground of Rössen, Merseburg district. Publ. Landesanstalt Volkheitskde. 9. Hall / S. 1938.

Other:

  • R. Dehn: A burial ground of the Rössen culture of Jechtingen, Gde. Sasbach, Kr. Emmendingen. In: Archäologische Nachr. Baden 34. 1985, 3-6.
  • J. Lichardus: Rössen-Gatersleben-Baalberge. Saarbrücker Contributor Altkde 17. Bonn 1976.

Poströssen groups

  • The spherical cup groups in the southern Upper Rhine Plain. Special issue. Cahiers Assoc. PhD Rech. Arch. Alsace 6, 1990.
  • Jens Lüning: The development of ceramics during the transition from the Middle to the Young Neolithic in southern Germany. Report of the RGK 50. 1969, 3-95.
  • M. Zápotocká: On the current state of research on the relative chronology of the early Eneolithic in Bohemia. In: J. Biel, H. Schlichtherle, M. Strobel, A. Zeeb (eds.): The Michelsberg culture and its peripheral areas - problems of origin, chronology and the settlement system. Hemmenhofen colloquium, 21. – 23. February 1997. Materialh. Original u. Mornings Baden-Württemberg 43. Stuttgart 1998, 291-302.
  • A. Zeeb: Poströssen - Epirössen - spherical cup groups. On the confusion of terms in the early Neolithic (The shoulder band groups - attempt to rename it). In: H.-J. Beier (Hrsg.): The Rössener horizon in Central Europe. Wilkau-Haßlau 1994, 7-10.

Web links

Commons : Rössener Kultur  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Anthony Denaire, RADIOCARBON DATING OF THE WESTERN EUROPEAN NEOLITHIC: COMPARISON OF THE DATES ON BONES AND DATES ON CHARCOALS. RADIOCARBON 51-2 / 2009: 657-674
  2. ^ Kurt W. Alt , Christian Meyer, Nicole Nicklisch, Thomas Becker, Alexander Mörseburg, Corina Knipper: Jechtingen - Anthropology of a Middle Neolithic burial ground. Pp. 177–298, accessed on January 6, 2019 [1]
  3. ↑ Almut Bick: The Stone Age . Theiss WissenKompakt, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 3-8062-1996-6