RSBN

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RSBN ( Russian радиотехническая система ближней навигации , radiotechnitscheskaja sistema blischnej nawigazii ) is a Russian civil and military radio navigation system similar to the VOR / DME , with a range of about 80 to 400 kilometers. RSBN / PRMG stands for the full expansion of the system and the combination of the RSBN with the associated approach and partially automated landing system PRMR.

Components: RSBN rotary radio beacon, range meter / PRMG approach and landing system

In rich it consists of VOR, distance meter (bottom and air-vehicle Retranslatoren ) RSBN and associated approach and teilautomatisieten Landing System PRMG ( Russian приводная радиомоячная группа , priwodnaja radiomojatschnaja gruppa ), which is essentially like the ILS works, but is much more accurate. With the RSBN system, the position of the aircraft is determined according to direction and distance in relation to the rotary beacon, while the PRMG system automates the landing approach from approx. 80 km before the touchdown point and the landing itself up to the so-called decision height of approx. 30 m takes over the ground. From this point onwards the landing is done manually by the pilot.

Radio technology principle of direction determination

Similar to a VOR radio beacon with rotating radial radiation , it consists of a rotating signal and an omnidirectional signal. It sends a double-lobe-shaped signal rotating at 100 / min and non-directional reference signals in 2 pulse sequences (36 pulse sequences every 10 degrees and 35 pulse sequences every 10.28 degrees). Both impulses coincide in the north reference point. The distance between the 36 and 35 pulses increases as the double-lobe signal continues to rotate. The device in the aircraft measures the minimum between the two lobe signals as the time of the sweep (the minimum can be determined with greater accuracy than the maximum). By counting the 36 pulses, i.e. every 10 degrees, it is determined in which section the azimuth is, a fine counter measures the time between the double lobe minimum and the last 36 pulse (for north and south, i.e. 0 degrees and 180 degrees, is new adjusted). The azimuth angle is theoretically determined with an accuracy of 0.02 degrees from both counter measurements. The measuring accuracy results from the frequency used by the precision counter. In practice, the display accuracy is limited by the processing in the downstream electronics and by the display device. One assumes 0.2 degrees here. Thus the RSBN system is more precise than VOR / DME ( rotary radio beacon ).

Functional principle of distance measurement

The distance measurement works essentially like DME (interrogation beam 30 Hz, response pulse 300 Hz), but with additional interrogation direction information. Morse code of the station can be switched on.

The principle of operation is a secondary radar . An impulse sent from the ground is actively answered by the aircraft, the transit time is measured on the ground and the distance is determined from this. Both the ground and the aircraft-bound stations have their own interrogation device and a transponder, so that the distance to the other can be determined independently from both stations.

Associated devices and displays in the cockpit

The respective RSBN station is selected with a channel selector (up to channel 88, some versions up to channel 40, newer systems up to channel 176) (116 MHz to 117.95 MHz / 770 to 1000 MHz).

The following selection of typical devices or display modes allow extensive position, distance and direction determinations:

The bearing direction and deviation are generally displayed on an HSI compass ( Horizontal Situation Indicator ) switched to RSBN and a VOR indicator as well as some additional devices. There are RSBN-specific display devices and their operating modes:

  • "azimuth to" and "azimuth from" radial to / from the RSBN station
  • "left orbit" distance counterclockwise to the right of the station (station is to the left of the aircraft)
  • "right orbit" distance in clockwise direction to the left of the station (station is to the right of the aircraft)
  • "SRP" Flying over a point within the area of ​​the RSBN station with definition of the "target angle" (angle to the target) and the "target distance" (distance to the target). For this purpose, the "ZPU" "virtual course angle" is determined by the station. (If target angle = ZPU, then the aircraft flies away from the RSBN station, if it = ZPU + or - 180 degrees, it flies to the RSBN station)
  • "KPPM" device for vertical and horizontal guidance for RSBN, as well as for VOR and ILS
  • "PPDA" true bearing and distance relative to the RSBN station. If the bearing = azimuth and the distance = orbit, then the destination has been reached.

Area of ​​application in the context of other navigation systems in cockpit

The RSBN system is not used for automatic navigational flight guidance of the aircraft in Russian airspace, but for position determination and in this regard is comparable to VOR / DME in use. In addition to the classic gyro compass and magnetic compass , it was initially often the only navigation system for determining the location and distance in early Russian aircraft (and RSBN is only available in Russian or ex-Soviet airspace). It was then supplemented by other systems.

In Russian aircraft, in addition to modern navigation systems ( INS inertial navigation , navigation computer NV-PB or NVU , or the satellite navigation systems GPS or GLONASS ) and the classic VOR / DME , ILS, MLS, and NDB-ADF , Doppler radar equipment " DISS "is used (e.g. as an autonomous navigation system NAS-1 , NVU or NV-PB1). NV-PB1 and NVU can use RSBN for error correction. In contrast to INS, which tries to sum up all accelerations of the aircraft and from this to determine the state of movement and thus the position, DISS uses Doppler radar to determine the movement above the ground (switchable above sea), from which the wind influence is determined and compensated, so the course corrected. While the HDG setting of western aircraft determines the direction of the aircraft nose, a machine with DISS flies the actual course set.

So is z. B. the Ilyushin IL-62 with NV-PB1 and Doppler radar, as well as RSBN, classic NDB-ADF and VOR / DME , as long-range navigation initially LORAN and OMEGA , later also with INS and associated navigation computer and meanwhile equipped with additional satellite navigation systems.

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