Rotary radio beacon

Doppler VOR ground station (D-VOR) in connection with a DME. Beijing location (PEK)

VOR on the US Sectional Aeronautical Chart. It can be clearly seen that the VOR is not aligned to the geographic, but to the magnetic north direction.

A rotary radio beacon (English abbreviation VOR  [ ˌviːˌəʊˈɑː ] ) is a radio beacon for aviation navigation . It sends out a special radio signal from which a receiver in the aircraft can determine the direction to the radio beacon. The aircraft does not need a direction finding system for this, as the directional information is encoded into the signal by the transmitter.

The abbreviation VOR stands for V HF O mnidirectional R adio Range. VHF means V ery H igh F requency, the English name for the ultra-short wave (FM). Omnidirectional Radio Range means “all-round radio location” in German. The German term "VHF rotary radio beacon" for a VOR is hardly used in flying practice.

The actual VOR is the ground station, the signal of which can be evaluated by the VOR receiver in the aircraft and read as directional information on a display device. For the sake of simplicity, however, the recipient is also referred to as VOR.

Knowledge of navigation to VOR is required in the examination for the issue of an aircraft radio certificate.

Working principle

The special feature of the VOR compared to simple (non-directional) radio beacons is that the receiver “looks” at the received signal from which direction it is coming; it looks different from another direction. To show how this is technically achieved, first a small thought experiment:

Analogy to the lighthouse

Illustration of the technical principle of a VOR. The aircraft can determine its direction relative to the lighthouse (here 105 °) from the phase offset between the undirected (green) and the rotating (blue) signal

The graphic on the right shows a lighthouse that emits the following light signals:

• a light signal of blue color that rotates clockwise as a strongly focused beam and
• a second, all-round emitting light signal of green color, which lights up briefly whenever the rotating blue beam points exactly north.

An observer at any position sees one green and one blue flash of light per revolution. The direction to the lighthouse results directly from their phase shift : If he sees them at the same time, he is standing north of the lighthouse; if he sees them alternately, he stands south.

This comparison is just a model to show how directional information is encoded into the signal. In the VOR, this principle is implemented in a technically more complex and precise manner with radio waves.

IN FRONT

The transmitter system generates a complex signal, consisting of:

1. a directional component rotating at 30 revolutions per second. Due to the directional characteristics of the transmitting antenna, the VOR device in the aircraft receives a signal whose amplitude increases and decreases 30 times per second - a 30 Hz amplitude modulation ;
2. an omnidirectional component, also modulated at 30 Hz (30 Hz frequency modulation of a 9960 Hz subcarrier);
3. a Morse code;
4. (optional) an audio channel. VOR transmitters in the vicinity of large commercial airports sometimes broadcast the current approach information (ATIS) for the airport.

The phase difference (0… 360 °) between the two 30 Hz modulations is measured in the receiver and displayed as a radial (azimuth angle 0… 360 °). The radial corresponds to i. d. R. the magnetic direction from the VOR station to the aircraft.

Example: If the aircraft is to the east (90 °) of the VOR, the phase difference between the directional and the non-directional signal is 90 °. The tip of the indicator needle of the radio compass (RMI R adio M agnetic I ndicator) points to the angle value 270 °, because the VOR is west. At a position west of the VOR (270 °) the phase difference is 270 °. The tip of the needle of the radio compass points to the angle value 90 °, because the VOR is to the east of the aircraft.

DVOR (Doppler VOR)

DVOR is an acronym for D Hoppler V ery High Frequency O mnidirectional R adio Range = Doppler VHF omnidirectional radio range. Such systems generate the same signal in a different technical way with greater precision.

In contrast to the conventional VOR, with the DVOR the 30 Hz AM component (amplitude modulation) is sent by a stationary omnidirectional antenna, now as a reference signal, while the 9960 Hz subcarrier is quickly switched between 50 antennas on a circle with 13, 5 m diameter are arranged, is radiated. This simulates an almost continuous counterclockwise circular movement of the subcarrier radiation center. In the receiver, the movement of the radiation center causes a 30 Hz frequency modulation with a frequency deviation of ± 480 Hz, the phase of which is direction-dependent (circular signal), due to the Doppler effect .

In the conventional VOR, the reference signal is broadcast as 30 Hz FM from a stationary antenna; the variable signal is generated as 30 Hz AM by a rotating directional antenna. In DVOR, the roles of the reference and variable signals are exactly the opposite: the reference signal is 30 Hz AM from a stationary omnidirectional antenna and the variable signal, 30 Hz FM, is generated by the Doppler effect of the surrounding radiation center. Because the reference signal and the variable signal of the DVOR are reversed compared to the conventional VOR, the signal on the circular group antenna runs counter-clockwise.

Compared to the conventional VOR, a DVOR transmitter achieves two to three times the accuracy: With DVOR, the radial error rarely exceeds a value of 1 °, while with normal VOR it can be up to 2.5 °.

Examples

Standard VOR

Standard VOR are relatively small and only take up a few square meters on the floor. They can also be set up and operated temporarily as a mobile unit.

• 

  Standard-VOR TAI in the Taunus, which replaced the Doppler-VOR TAU 400 m to the northeast in autumn 2019

• 

  Container-VOR at the location of VOR SAS in Sarstedt

• 

  VORTAC Nattenheim (NTM). The top transmitter is the TACAN, a military system that works similarly but is more precise.

Doppler VOR

Doppler VOR are significantly larger and more complex than standard VOR, as they generate the rotating signal components via a ring of individually controlled antennas, which is also visually striking with its 13.5 m diameter. As a rule, they stand permanently on fenced-in properties of the order of 40 × 40 m. In most cases, the antenna system is completely mounted on an approximately 30 m large ground plane elevated by several meters in order to keep the effects of the terrain and vegetation on the radiation low.

• 

  DVOR Michaelsdorf (MIC)

• 

  Detailed view of the DVORTAC Dinkelsbühl (DKB) with the assembly and wiring of the antenna ring

• 

  Unusually tall DVOR at Yao Airport, Osaka, Japan

history

The first radio beacon was the Telefunken compass transmitter (1908). The transmitter began with the omnidirectional (undirected) transmission of its identifier. After receiving the last letter of the identifier, a special stop watch was started in the receiver and stopped again at the signal maximum.

In the further development it turned out to be advantageous to evaluate the minimum of the rotating signal, since it can be determined much more precisely than the signal maximum .

During the First World War in Western Europe there were stations in Tønder (then Germany), List on Sylt , Nordholz , Borkum and a station in Houtave in West Flanders , near Bruges in Flanders , Belgium . In addition to these directional transmission systems, there were two systems in Cleve and Tønder, which broadcast omnidirectional signals at intervals. All of these (rotating) radio beacons were used to navigate airships. Aircraft were not yet equipped with receivers for this system.

During the Second World War, highly developed German systems were built on the entire western front under the name Bernhard .

The first modern VOR systems were put into operation in Germany in the early 1950s. The basic network at that time consisted of eight stations.

According to the German Radio Navigation Plan (DFNP) of the Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS), the VORs and DVORs have been successively dismantled since 2005. According to the German air traffic control, "for security and redundancy reasons" it is assumed that "we will continue to have at least one" backup network "of terrestrial infrastructure in the future."

Various aircraft antennas and their installation

Frequencies

The VOR ground station transmits on a frequency in the range of 108.00 MHz to 117.95 MHz (according to ICAO Annex 10) published in aeronautical charts and in the aeronautical manual . The channel spacing is 50 kHz, so the channels are 108.00, 108.05, 108.10… 117.95 MHz; however, the frequencies 108.10, 108.30, 108.50… 111.90 MHz and 108.15, 108.35, 108.55… 111.95 MHz are reserved for instrument landing system landing course transmitters .

Azimuth and radial

VOR degrees - abbreviated to tens

The VOR system, consisting of a ground transmitter and an on-board receiver, supplies information, namely the azimuth of the aircraft from the VOR transmitter, i.e. H. the angle between the (magnetic) meridian running through the ground station and the line connecting the ground station to the aircraft. VOR transmitters are i. d. Usually aligned so that the 360 ​​° radial points in the magnetic north direction ( magnetic ). VORs in the vicinity of the magnetic poles with high variation , however, are aligned with the geographic north pole (true).

A radio station line directed away from the VOR transmitter with a given azimuth is called a radial . There are 360 ​​radials for the practice of flight navigation. Decimal places are not used, only whole numbers. A radial is thus a directed vector (but only with directional information, without size) with the direction away from the beacon. Because in contrast to a light beam from the lighthouse, our radio control line (e.g. R-040) also transmits beyond the center point in the opposite direction (i.e. direction 220 ° = 40 ° + 180 °). In this other direction, however, it is by definition referred to as R-220.

Like all course information and compass information, the directional information of the radial is always written and spoken in three digits. All three digits are pronounced individually. The words one hundred or ten, twenty, thirty, etc. are not used. Example: 40 ° is R-040 and is pronounced: Radial zero-four-zero. Radial 0 ° (i.e. north) is usually only referred to as R-360 (radial three-six-zero).

Positioning

An exact position determination is technically not possible with a VOR alone, since it only provides information about the radio position line on which the position is located. The exact position on this baseline must be determined separately, either by cross bearing or by a separate distance measurement to the VOR.

Cross bearing

With this method, a second VOR is targeted and its base line is determined. Your own position results from the intersection of the two base lines. The precision of this measurement is highest when the two base lines are at right angles to each other.

DME

→ Main article : Distance Measuring Equipment

A VOR is often also combined with a radio navigation system for distance measurement - the DME . In Germany, this is the case with around three quarters of all rotary radio beacons. DME ( D istance M easuring E quipment - distance measuring device) shows the distance to the DME transponder in nautical miles (NM). There is a second device for the DME display in the aircraft, the reception frequency of which is linked to the VOR receiver so that only the VOR frequency has to be set. If the set VOR has no DME, the DME unit in the aircraft remains without a display.

Rule of thumb

With a stopwatch, the distance to a VOR can be estimated as follows, even without a DME:

You turn on a course where the VOR is at 90 ° or 270 ° ( i.e. flies at right angles to the base line) and determines the time after which a certain course deviation occurs , for example 2 °. The distance to the VOR is then obtained using the small-angle approximation to ( in radians) or ( in degrees). ${\displaystyle t}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ ${\displaystyle d}$ ${\displaystyle \textstyle d={\frac {vt}{\alpha }}}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha }$ ${\displaystyle \textstyle d={\frac {180\cdot vt}{\pi \cdot \alpha _{\mathrm {grad} }}}}$ ${\displaystyle \alpha _{\mathrm {grad} }}$

Appropriate shaping of the fraction results in the following sufficiently precise and manageable rule of thumb:

${\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{Geschwindigkeit über Grund}}\cdot {\text{Dauer des Querfluges in Minuten}}}{\text{Betrag der erreichten Kursablage in Grad}}}\approx {\text{Entfernung zum VOR}}}$

The result is to be interpreted depending on the unit of speed: speed in knots gives nautical miles, speed in km / h gives kilometers. For example, if you reach a 3 ° course deviation in half a minute at a speed of 80 knots, the distance to the VOR is approximately

${\displaystyle {\frac {80\,\mathrm {kts} \cdot 0{,}5\,\mathrm {min} }{3^{\circ }}}\approx 13{,}3\,\mathrm {NM} }$

That is less than five percent next to the geometrically calculated value of:

${\displaystyle {\frac {80\,{\frac {\mathrm {NM} }{\mathrm {h} }}\cdot {\frac {1}{120}}\,{\text{h}}}{\tan {3^{\circ }}}}\approx 12{,}72\,\mathrm {NM} }$

Cones of silence

By definition, a radial leads away from the VOR.

When the aircraft is directly above the VOR station, the transmitted radio waves can be received, but the phase difference cannot be evaluated because the method is optimized for the horizontal plane. This silence cone (English cone of silence or cone of confusion ) also exists in the NDB and has an opening angle of approximately 10 °, thus having a diameter of about 1.5 for a commercial airliner in 15 km altitude nautical miles has.

Since the display of the VOR instrument in the silence cone is not reliable, a red warning flag is shown in the display field.

VOR names

The VOR display is only dependent on the aircraft position, not on the flight direction. You have the same display in a hot air balloon.

VORs have a real name and a three-letter code. For example: Gardermoen-VOR or GRD (this is the international airport of Oslo / Norway). The three letters are i. d. R. derived from real names. The three letters are usually pronounced in the international aviation alphabet (ICAO alphabet) - i.e. Golf-Romeo-Delta. In flight radiotelephony, VOR is always simply said and not VOR / DME or VORTAC. If it is clear that it is a VOR, usually just the name is said - without the addition "VOR". Example: "cleared to Frankfurt via Nienburg and Warburg".

The name of Intersections is given as five letters to make them clearly distinguishable from VOR. Example: the route BUDDA-DERFA-VISLA-PRG-WERLA leads through exactly one VOR: the PRG-VOR.

Name duplications rarely occur, and then mostly only on different continents. So this only becomes an issue when you create flight routes from global databases of navigation systems. This is usually followed by an interim query in which the type and coordinates of the two radio systems of the same name are displayed. There are also name collisions with NDBs .

The name and the location where the VOR is located do not necessarily have to be the same. The VOR WIL ( Willisau ) in Switzerland is located a few municipalities further in Grossdietwil .

Map display

Map display of the radio beacons

There are separate symbols for on aeronautical charts

• IN FRONT
• VOR with DME
• VORTAC

There is no distinction between VOR and DVOR.

In the compass roses around VORs on the aeronautical chart, the magnetic declination is already taken into account.

VOR instrument as a version with pivoting or parallel displacing indicator needle (CDI)

VOR instrument Animated GIF - please view it at maximum magnification - only then works correctly

Ground facilities

Range; Categories of VORs

VORs are divided into three categories according to their range ( service volume ) in the USA, depending on how far the guaranteed, clear signal reception without interference extends.

• High Altitude VOR (HVOR) - maximum range 130  NM at 45,000 ft
• Low Altitude VOR (LVOR) - range 40 NM at 18,000 ft
• Terminal VOR (TVOR) - range 25 NM at 12,000 ft, is generally used as an approach aid.

Here follows the breakdown of the ranges according to the altitude.

• HVOR:
  • 1,000 to 14,500 ft - 40  NM
  • 14,500 to 18,000 ft - 100 NM
  • 18,000 to 45,000 ft - 130 NM
  • 45,000 to 60,000 ft - 100 NM
• LVOR: 1,000 to 18,000 ft - 40 NM
• TVOR: 1,000 to 12,000 ft - 25 NM

The ATIS can often be received from a TVOR station .

Container-VOR

If a VOR fails for a long period of time (e.g. conversion, renewal), DFS will set up a container VOR that will take over operation during the downtime. The container VOR is usually given its own frequency and therefore does not transmit on the frequency of the VOR to be replaced. The replacement frequency and the duration of the replacement as well as any restrictions in range and accuracy will be published by NOTAM .

Test-VOR (VOT)

When the CDI is on the side, you can determine its quadrant - right or left of radial; before or after the VOR.

The functionality of the VOR receivers must be checked at regular, prescribed intervals. On the one hand, this can be done more frequently at airfield positions whose coordinates are known. It can also be tested by setting the frequency of a test VOR on the VOR receiver. The VOR instrument then shows a constant Radial 360 and the measured deviation must not exceed 1 °.

For the VOT test, a signal is sent that shows 360 ° FROM (or 180 ° TO) on the receiver. The maximum deviation on the ground is ± 4 °. In the air, the deviation may not exceed ± 6 °. If there are two VOR receivers in the aircraft, the display difference between the two receivers must not exceed 4 °.

Combined ground facilities

VOR / DME

A VOR is often combined with a radio navigation system for distance measurement - the DME ( distance measuring equipment ) (around three quarters of all rotary radio beacons in Germany have DME). VOR indicates the direction from the ground station to the aircraft; DME shows the distance to the DME transponder in nautical miles (NM). The combination of VOR and DME enables position determination with the help of a single ground station.

VORTAC

TACAN (Tactical Air Navigation) is a military rotary radio beacon and works similarly to a VOR, but is more precise by a factor of 1.2 to 2. In addition, the DME functionality is always integrated in the TACAN signal. TACAN transmits in the UHF range (962 to 1213 MHz). If the VOR and TACAN ground station are in the same place, the combination is referred to as VORTAC.

On-board system

In addition to power supply and cabling, the on-board system consists of the following components. Depending on the installation situation, several modules can be combined in one housing.

Control unit

The frequency of the desired VOR ground station is set here. Some VOR devices offer the option of setting two frequencies: the currently active frequency and a preselected frequency (stand-by frequency). You can swap the two frequencies at the push of a button.

If the aircraft is equipped with ILS , this also sets the frequency of the glide slope transmitter (frequency band 329.15… 335.00 MHz).

If the aircraft is equipped with DME , i. d. Usually, the sending and receiving frequencies of the DME (frequency band 960… 1215 MHz) are set at the same time.

Display instrument

Different types of display devices can be used:

• 

  Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
  Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI). A pointer rotates on a compass map and points to the VOR ground station; the compass map, in turn, is rotated by the course gyro and shows the magnetic heading. The pilot can read both the magnetic bearing to the VOR ground station (QDM) and the relative bearing of the VOR ground station (left / right) on the RMI.
• 

  VOR instrument (CDI display device) in the aircraft - in the FROM position
  Course Deviation Indicator (CDI). Depending on the design, the indicator needle rotates around the topmost point, or moves it to the right or left by parallel displacement. The indicator needle points to a scale with a central point and 5 points each to the right and left. Each point corresponds to a deviation of 2 ° from the target course.
  The desired course is set using the OBS (Omni Bearing Selector) knob.
  Further displays (triangle upwards TO , triangle downwards FR (OM) ) indicate whether the aircraft is on a radial towards or away from the VOR. It has nothing to do with the actual direction of flight. A warning flag appears if reception is disturbed.
• Cross pointer instrument . If the aircraft is equipped with ILS , a cross-pointer instrument is used instead of the CDI. The vertical needle (deflection left / right) has the same function as with the CDI. The horizontal needle (deflection up / down) shows the deviation from the glide path.
• Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI). The HSI combines the function of the CDI with the course gyro display.
• Electronic Flight Instrument System (EFIS). Information from the VOR receiver can be shown in the navigation display of the EFIS. Often, traditional electromechanical instruments such as RMI and CDI are mimicked in the EFIS.

Comparison with other navigation systems

Rotary radio beacons are very useful in densely populated countries with flat landscapes because of their limited range. In narrow valleys, VORs are unsuitable because of the strong reflection of VHF signals on the mountains, where you have to rely on NDBs , such as at Innsbruck Airport .

For cost reasons, the convenient but expensive VOR navigation is reserved for highly developed countries; in sparsely populated (developing) countries, NDBs are indispensable for flight navigation. Islands like Tuvalu cannot be found without an NDB, there will probably not be a VOR there in the future either.

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are gradually displacing VOR / DME. In Germany, VOR / DME are still the primary instruments required by law for instrument navigation.

Airways

Airways were originally mainly guided by radio navigation systems, including VOR radio beacons, and their course was defined by these. The branching of airways often took place at VORs. Since the introduction of area navigation ( RNAV ), airways and reporting points (intersections) have been increasingly defined independently of ground-based radio navigation systems such as VORs, which significantly increases the capacity of the airspace.

The connecting line between two radio beacons (VOR, NDB, etc.) necessarily results in a course due to their unchangeable position, which is also called the OBS course. This course can be found on the flight map next to the airway; it should not be confused with the radial of the VOR (for example R-345), which shows the opposite course (± 180 °) to the actual course.

If you move towards a radio beacon on an airway, this is called “inbound”, if you move away from it, it is called “outbound”.

List of VORs in Germany

 Map with all coordinates of the section List of VORs in Germany : OSM

Locations of VORs in Germany

Identifier	Type	Surname	Frequency [MHz] channel	Coordinates	location
BAM	DVORTAC	Barmen	113.60 CH 83x	51 ° 19 '40.00 "  N , 007 ° 10' 37.00"  O	north of Wuppertal (-Barmen) in the urban area of ​​Hattingen
BAY	IN FRONT	Bayreuth	110.60	49 ° 59 ′ 07.00 ″  N , 011 ° 38 ′ 12.00 ″  E	at the Bayreuth airfield
BBI	VOR / DME	Berlin-Brandenburg	114.1 CH 88x	52 ° 20 ′ 31.00 ″  N , 013 ° 27 ′ 15.00 ″  E	0.57 NM SW of the RWY 07R at Berlin-Schönefeld Airport
BKD	DVOR / DME	Brünkendorf	117.70 CH124x	53 ° 02 '04.00 "  N , 011 ° 32' 46.00"  O	west of Schnackenburg (Elbe)
BMN	DVOR / DME	Bremen	117.45 CH121y	53 ° 02 ′ 47.00 "  N , 008 ° 45 ′ 38.00"  E	at Bremen Airport
CHA	IN FRONT	Charlie	115.50	49 ° 55 ′ 16.00 ″  N , 009 ° 02 ′ 23.00 ″  E	southeast of Frankfurt near the Aschaffenburg airfield
COL	DVOR / DME	cola	108.80 CH 25x	50 ° 47 '01.00 "  N , 007 ° 35' 39.00"  O	17  NM near Windeck Locksiefen, southeast of Cologne-Bonn
DHE	VOR / DME	Heligoland	116.30 CH110x	54 ° 11 '08.00 "  N , 007 ° 54' 39.00"  O	at the Helgoland-Düne airfield
DKB	DVORTAC	Dinkelsbühl	117.80 CH125x	49 ° 08 ′ 34.00 ″  N , 010 ° 14 ′ 18.00 ″  E	near Hohenkreßberg
DOR	DVOR / DME	Wickede	108.65 CH 23y	51 ° 31 '30.00 "  N , 007 ° 37' 54.00"  E.	at Dortmund Airport
DRN	DVOR / DME	Dresden	114.35 CH 90y	51 ° 00 '56.00 "  N , 013 ° 35' 56.00"  O	near Oberhermsdorf
DUS	VOR / DME	Dusseldorf	115.15 CH 98y	51 ° 16'59.00 "  N , 006 ° 45'13.00"  E.	Dusseldorf Airport
ERF	DVOR / DME	Erfurt	113.85 CH 85y	50 ° 57 '03.00 "  N , 011 ° 14' 12.00"  O	200 m west of the AS Nohra north of the BAB 4
ERL	VOR / DME	gain	114.90 CH 96x	49 ° 39 '19.00 "  N , 011 ° 09' 03.00"  O	1.6 km north of the Hetzleser Berg airfield
FFM	DVORTAC	Frankfurt	114.20 CH 89x	50 ° 03 ′ 13.00 ″  N , 008 ° 38 ′ 14.00 ″  E	east of Frankfurt Airport in the immediate vicinity of the A3
FLD	DVOR / DME	Friedland	117.15 CH118y	53 ° 45 ′ 46.00 "  N , 013 ° 33 ′ 47.00"  O	at Drewelow
FUL	DVOR / DME	Fulda	112.10 CH 58x	50 ° 35 ′ 33.00 ″  N , 009 ° 34 ′ 20.00 ″  E	north of Bimbach (Großenlüder) , approx. 5  NM west of Fulda
FWE	VOR / DME	Fürstenwalde	113.30 CH 80x	52 ° 24 ′ 41.00 ″  N , 014 ° 07 ′ 50.00 ″  E	east of Berlin
GED	DVORTAC	Gedern	110.80 CH 45x	50 ° 24'43.00 "  N , 009 ° 14'57.00"  E.	northeast of Frankfurt / Main
GMH	DVOR / DME	Germinghausen	115.40 CH101x	51 ° 10 ′ 14.00 ″  N , 007 ° 53 ′ 31.00 ″  E	22  NM southeast of Dortmund
GOT	DVOR / DME	Gotem	115.25 CH 99y	51 ° 20 '35.00 "  N , 011 ° 35' 51.00"  O	16  NM southwest of Halle
HAM	DVORTAC	Hamburg	113.10 CH 78x	53 ° 41 '08.00 "  N , 010 ° 12' 18.00"  E	8  NM northeast of Hamburg Airport
HDO	DVOR / DME	Hermsdorf	115.00 CH 97x	50 ° 55 ′ 41.00 ″  N , 014 ° 22 ′ 08.00 ″  E	near Hinterhermsdorf
HLZ	DVOR / DME	Hehlingen	117.30 CH120x	52 ° 21 '48.00 "  N , 010 ° 47' 43.00"  E	near Wolfsburg
HMM	DVOR / DME	Hamm	115.65 CH103y	51 ° 51 '25.00 "  N , 007 ° 42' 30.00"  E.	between Hamm and Münster
KBO	TVOR / DME	Cologne-Bonn	112.15 CH 58y	50 ° 51 '42.00 "  N , 007 ° 08'44.00"  E.	at Cologne-Bonn Airport
KLF	DVOR / DME	Klasdorf	115.15 CH 98y	52 ° 01 ′ 11.00 ″  N , 013 ° 33 ′ 50.00 ″  E	District of Baruth / Mark south of Berlin
KPT	DVOR / DME	Kempten (Allgäu)	109.60 CH 33x	47 ° 44 '45.00 "  N , 010 ° 20' 59.00"  O	1.5 km northeast of the Allgäu motorway junction
KRH	DVOR / DME	Karlsruhe	115.95 CH106y	48 ° 59 '35.00 "  N , 008 ° 35' 03.00"  O	Height of Wöschbach
LBU	VOR / DME	Luburg	109.20 CH 29x	48 ° 54'47.00 "  N , 009 ° 20'25.00"  E.	near Affalterbach , Ludwigsburg district
LEG	VOR / DME	Leipzig / Halle	115.85 CH105y	51 ° 26 ′ 10.00 ″  N , 012 ° 28 ′ 23.00 ″  E	at Mutschlena
LWF	DVOR / DME	Löwenberg	114.55 CH 92y	52 ° 54 '37.00 "  N , 013 ° 08' 05.00"  O	north of Berlin, municipality of Löwenberger Land
LIKE	VOR / DME	Magdeburg	110.45 CH 41y	51 ° 59 ′ 42.00 ″  N , 011 ° 47 ′ 40.00 ″  E	Special airfield Schönebeck - Zackmünde
MAH	DVOR / DME	Maisach	115.20 CH 21x	48 ° 15 '48.00 "  N , 011 ° 18' 42.00"  O	20  NM west of Munich Airport
MDF (X)	DVOR / DME	Milldorf (X)	117.00 CH117x	48 ° 14 '05.00 "  N , 012 ° 20' 15.00"  O	near Heldenstein , west of Mühldorf am Inn - 08/2011 withdrawn / inactive
MHV	DVOR	Mönchengladbach	109.80	51 ° 14 ′ 14.00 ″  N , 006 ° 29 ′ 25.00 ″  E	Mönchengladbach airfield , northwest of RWY 13
MIC	DVOR	Michaelsdorf	112.20	54 ° 18 ′ 18.00 ″  N , 011 ° 00 ′ 18.00 ″  E	near Oldenburg in Holstein
MTR	IN FRONT	metro	110.00	50 ° 16 ′ 35.00 ″  N , 008 ° 50 ′ 55.00 ″  E	northeast of Frankfurt
NEVER	IN FRONT	Nienburg	116.50	52 ° 37 '36.00 "  N , 009 ° 22' 09.00"  O	near Linsburg
NTM	VORTAC	Nattenheim	115.30 CH100x	50 ° 00 ′ 57.00 ″  N , 006 ° 31 ′ 55.00 ″  E	15  NM north of Trier
NUB	VOR / DME	Nuremberg	115.75 CH104y	49 ° 30 '12.00 "  N , 011 ° 02' 06.00"  O	near Nuremberg - book
NVO	DVORTAC	Norvenich	116.20 CH109x	50 ° 49 ′ 21.00 ″  N , 006 ° 38 ′ 11.00 ″  E	at Nörvenich Air Base
OSN	DVOR	Osnabrück	114.30	52 ° 12 '00.00 "  N , 008 ° 17' 08.00"  O	On the A 30 near the Melle-Grönegau airfield
OTT	VOR / DME	Ottersberg	112.30 CH 70x	48 ° 10 ′ 49.00 ″  N , 011 ° 48 ′ 59.00 ″  E	near Poing - east of Munich formerly: MUN
RDG	DVOR / DME	Roding	114.70 CH 94x	49 ° 02 '25.00 "  N , 012 ° 31' 36.00"  O	16  NM east of Regensburg near Bogenroith
RID	DVOR / DME	reed	112.20 CH 59x	49 ° 46 '54.00 "  N , 008 ° 32' 29.00"  O	near Pfungstadt-Hahn, southwest of Frankfurt
SAS	VOR / DME	Sarstedt	114.45	52 ° 15 '00.00 "  N , 009 ° 53' 00.00"  O	northeast of Sarstedt, the radio beacon has replaced Leine (DLE)
STG	DVOR / DME	Stuttgart	116.85 CH115y	48 ° 41 '48.00 "  N , 009 ° 15' 24.00"  E	directly east of Stuttgart Airport on the A8
SUL	DVOR	Sulz	116.10	48 ° 22 ′ 54.00 ″  N , 008 ° 38 ′ 41.00 ″  E	18  NM southwest of Tübingen
DEW	VOR / DME	Taunus	113.35 CH80y	50 ° 15 ′ 02.00 ″  N , 008 ° 09 ′ 45.00 ″  E	about midway between Wiesbaden and Limburg
TGL	DVOR / DME	Berlin Tegel	112.30 CH 70x	52 ° 33 ′ 41.00 ″  N , 013 ° 17 ′ 15.00 ″  E	Berlin Tegel Airport
TRT	VOR / DME	Trent	108.45 CH 21y	54 ° 30 '40.00 "  N , 013 ° 14' 56.00"  O	on Rügen
VFM	DVOR	Nauheim	113.75	49 ° 57 '42.58 "  N , 008 ° 28" 16.39 "  E	southwest of Frankfurt Airport on the A 67 , near Nauheim
WLD	DVOR / DME	Walda	112.80 CH 75x	48 ° 34 ′ 46.00 ″  N , 011 ° 07 ′ 46.00 ″  E	15  NM northeast of Augsburg
WRB	DVOR / DME	Warburg	113.70 CH 84x	51 ° 30 '21.00 "  N , 009 ° 06' 39.00"  O	18  NM southeast of Paderborn
WUR	IN FRONT	Wurzburg	110.20	49 ° 43 '03.00 "  N , 009 ° 56' 49.00"  O	between Lindflur and Rottenbauer
WYP	IN FRONT	Rocker	109.60	51 ° 02'54.00 "  N , 007 ° 16'48.00"  E.	10  NM north of Cologne-Bonn (municipality of Kürten)
ZWN	DVOR / DME	Zweibrücken	114.80 CH 95x	49 ° 13 '45.00 "  N , 007 ° 25' 04.00"  O	at Zweibrücken airfield

List of VORs in Austria

 Map with all coordinates ssdf: OSM

FMD FRE GRZ KFT LNZ SBG SNU STO TO DO VIW WGM

Locations of all 11 VORs in Austria

Identifier	Type	Surname	Frequency / channel	Coordinates	location
FMD	TVOR / DME	Fischamend	110.4	48 ° 06 ′ 18.00 ″  N , 016 ° 37 ′ 48.00 ″  E	4 km east of Vienna International Airport
FRE	DVOR / DME	Free City	113.5	48 ° 25 ′ 54.00 ″  N , 014 ° 07 ′ 48.00 ″  E	10 km northwest of Linz
GRZ	DVOR / DME	Graz	116.2	46 ° 57 '18.00 "  N , 015 ° 27' 00.00"  O	5 km south of Graz
KFT	DVOR / DME	Klagenfurt	113.1	46 ° 35 '54.00 "  N , 014 ° 33' 42.00"  O	10 km east of Klagenfurt
LNZ	DVOR / DME	Linz	116.6	48 ° 13 ′ 48.00 ″  N , 014 ° 06 ′ 12.00 ″  E	3 km west of Linz Airport
SBG	DVOR / DME	Salzburg	113.8	48 ° 00 '00.00 "  N , 012 ° 53' 00.00"  O	15 km northwest of Salzburg
SNU	DVOR / DME	Sollenau	115.5	47 ° 52 ′ 30.00 ″  N , 016 ° 17 ′ 18.00 ″  E	5 km northeast of Wiener Neustadt
STO	DVOR / DME	Stockerau	113.0	48 ° 25 '00.00 "  N , 016 ° 01' 06.00"  O	50 km northwest of Vienna
TO DO	DVOR / DME	Tulln	111.4	48 ° 18 '33.60 "  N , 015 ° 58' 46.92"  E	20 km west of Vienna
VIW	VOR / DME	Villach	112.9	46 ° 41 ′ 48.00 ″  N , 013 ° 54 ′ 54.00 ″  E	30 km west of Klagenfurt
WGM	DVOR / DME	Wagram	112.2	48 ° 19 '25.60 "  N , 016 ° 29' 27.30"  O	20 km northeast of Vienna

List of VORs in Switzerland

 Map with all coordinates ssdf: OSM

Locations of all 12 VORs in Switzerland

Identifier	Type	Surname	Frequency / channel	Coordinates	location
BLM	DVOR / DME	Basel / Mulhouse	117.45	47 ° 37 '58.00 "  N , 007 ° 29' 58.00"  O	Near Bartenheim; on French territory, as Basel Mulhouse Freiburg Airport is operated jointly by two countries
FRI	VOR / DME	Friborg	110.85	46 ° 46 ′ 42.00 ″  N , 007 ° 13 ′ 24.00 ″  E	Between Sankt Ursen and Rechthalten, Canton of Friborg
GRE	DVOR / DME	Grenchen	115.45	47 ° 10 '59.00 "  N , 007 ° 25' 05.00"  O	at Grenchen Airport
GVA	DVOR / DME	Geneva	115.75	46 ° 15 '14.00 "  N , 006 ° 07' 56.00"  O	at Geneva Airport
HOC	DVOR / DME	High forest	113.2	47 ° 28 '00.00 "  N , 007 ° 39' 54.00"  O	near Gempen, Canton Solothurn	Repealed since 2016
LOO	DVOR / DME	Balls	114.85	47 ° 27 '42.00 "  N , 008 ° 33' 00.00"  O	at Zurich Airport
MOT	DVOR / DME	Montana	115.85	46 ° 18 ′ 48.00 ″  N , 007 ° 30 ′ 12.00 ″  E	16 km northeast of Sion Airport	Repealed since 2012
PAS	DVOR / DME	Passeiry	116.6	46 ° 09 '48.00 "  N , 006 ° 00' 06.00"  O	Municipality of Chancy, in the far west of Switzerland
SIO	DVOR / DME	Sion	112.15	46 ° 12 ′ 54.00 ″  N , 007 ° 17 ′ 18.00 ″  E	3 km west of Sion Airport
SPR	VOR / DME	St-Prex	113.9	46 ° 28 ′ 07.00 ″  N , 006 ° 26 ′ 53.00 ″  E	in Lake Geneva approx. 1 km south of Saint-Prex
TRA	DVOR / DME	Trasadingen	114.3	47 ° 41 ′ 22.00 ″  N , 008 ° 26 ′ 13.00 ″  E	27 km NNW from Zurich Airport
WIL	VOR / DME	Willisau	116.9	47 ° 10 ′ 42.00 ″  N , 007 ° 54 ′ 21.40 ″  E	near Grossdietwil, Canton Lucerne
ZUE	DVOR / DME	Zurich East	110.05	47 ° 35 '32.00 "  N , 008 ° 49' 03.00"  O	25 km northeast of Zurich Airport

See also

• RSBN (Russian rotary radio beacon system with a similar principle)

Web links

Commons : Rotary Beacon  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

• techn. Details of VOR and DVOR - radio navigation method: Navtec (PDF; 88 kB)
• VOR - simulation for training for radio navigation
• Arthur O. Bauer: Some historical and technical aspects of radio navigation in Germany over the period 1907 to 1945; Diemen (NL), 2004 (PDF; 1.03 MB)
• Radio telegraphy and direction finder radio in German war aviation

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Example: Exam questions on BZF I and II, from page 46 , PDF from the Federal Network Agency, accessed on July 2, 2020
2. ^ Beacon in Tuvalu
3. ↑ https://www.dfs.de/dfs_homepage/de/Services/Customer%20Relations/Kundenbereich%20IFR/29.05.2019%20-%20Planung%20ILS-NAV-Infektur%202019-20/ILS-NAV-Planung% 202% 20Hj% 202019% 20u.% 20Outlook% 202020.pdf