Room simulation
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In a room simulation , experiments are carried out on a model of the spatial realities under specific, given parameters and boundary conditions in order to gain knowledge about the real system. Simulations of rooms are mainly used in construction and vehicle technology. In space travel, the term space simulation, derived from the English term space simulator, is used for the simulation of conditions as they exist in space.
In the area of building physics investigations, the terms building and system simulation are related to room simulation. In this context, Part 1 of VDI 6020 describes the simulation as the calculation, in suitable time steps, of the thermal-dynamic spatial behavior as a reaction to the change in influencing variables. Computer-aided calculations with room simulations are also used to evaluate rooms with regard to their acoustic properties. In the area of fire protection , room simulations are used, for example, to examine the spread of smoke and heat.
Until 2005 the Institute for Material Physics in Space at the German Aerospace Center in Cologne was called the Institute for Space Simulation . The tasks of the Institute for Space Simulation included the development, preparation, testing, implementation and monitoring of experiments that are carried out in space under weightlessness.
Design of architecture
When designing architecture , room simulations are used to create a realistic but simplified representation of spatial relationships. In order to achieve the desired degree of closeness to reality, there must be a certain correspondence with the "original". However, abstraction with regard to individual characterizing parameters is always the distinguishing feature of such spatial simulation.
Spatial simulation takes place on a reduced scale or on a 1: 1 scale, but rarely on a larger scale. With the help of such simulations, design decisions as well as constructive decisions can be assessed and assessed. In general, it is difficult to prove design failures. The situation is different with constructive considerations. Since the simulation of complete structures on a 1: 1 scale is usually too time-consuming, only partial areas are usually simulated. Appropriate changes can be made or measures can be taken on the basis of well-founded predictions.
Real-scale simulation (1: 1)
The actual dimensions and proportions of the room can be recorded on a scale of 1: 1 without any "mental detour". The ability to recognize weak points is supported as well as the ability to deal with design flaws and "surprises". If spatial interrelationships can easily be changed on site at short notice, the following feedback can occur: Trying - changing - checking - etc. The 1: 1 model can be used to represent and test a wide variety of materials, possibly in connection with different color or Serve light effects. The aspect of experimentation deserves particular attention: the 1: 1 room simulation is not necessarily complete simply by “recreating” the outlines and checking the proportions . You can experiment with other arrangements, with the surface and edges being varied in terms of color, texture and pattern. The representation of the material character plays a more important role in the true size model than in the scale model. Some surface structures can only be simulated with other means to a limited extent. If the abstract is too strong, a different spatial impression could arise. Complicated lighting and color concepts can also be difficult to implement.
The simulation in its true size is time-consuming and labor-intensive in relation to the result. It must be assessed in each individual case how far the degree of abstraction should extend. Historically, it is difficult to speak of a moment when 1: 1 room simulation was “invented”.
There are a number of specific individual rooms ("multipliers") or spatial experiments which are particularly suitable for a 1: 1 model representation:
- Living situations (kitchen, living room etc.),
- Hotel room,
- School rooms (classrooms),
- Working area,
- Hospital rooms and ward facilities,
- Exhibition stands and exhibition structures,
- Buildings for the disabled ( ergonomics ),
- Prototypes where space is limited,
- Testing of minimum dimensions (e.g. sanitary cells),
- Furniture experiments or the interaction between furniture and space,
- Light and color experiments, (artistic) room installations,
- Testing of optical illusions,
- etc.
The term “room experimentation laboratory”, or “room laboratory” for short, is made up of the components room (experiment) and laboratory. Although it is difficult in a room laboratory to fully include the future environment, the 1: 1 model representation can optimally illustrate the (inter) effect of light, color and material or surface in the architectural space.
Endoscopic (space) simulation
The endoscope was used for decades as a purely medical instrument for the inspection of "human cavities" before independent applications became topical in other specialist areas. In the construction sector, endoscopy is used to examine the building structure in order to be able to locate any structural damage. In the course of early damage detection, a hole for the endoscope is sufficient to carry out a non-destructive test. So it is no longer necessary to remove large parts of a building structure, because the targeted use of endoscopes allows a precise damage analysis. In addition, the inspection of hard-to-reach cavities, such as B. for engine controls in aviation, without disassembly is necessary.
Specific endoscopes have been developed for the areas of architecture and urban planning . The otherwise integrated light-guiding fiber optic cables were dispensed with, as this type of illumination is only useful in tiny interiors. Working with external light sources is an unavoidable necessity with regard to the required power. The optical system was corrected against converging lines.
In the pre-endoscopic era, scale models were recorded using conventional photographic methods. In order to circumvent the problem of the accessibility of the model for the camera to a certain extent, angle mirrors were used. The compact design of endoscopes makes it possible to get exactly where it gets narrower in the model. It must be emphasized that in the endoscopic model acquisition the human perspective is reproduced with greater realism: viewing the model with the naked eye has the consequence that the viewpoint taken all too often is unnatural, i.e. H. obliquely from above (bird's eye view) if the distance is too great (overview). In order to come close to human perception, the endoscope uses a viewing angle of around 55-60 °, while a 90 ° side view is selected as the viewing direction.
Flexible endoscopes are rarely used in the fields of architecture and urban planning because, in contrast to the human body, certain internal and intermediate spaces in the model are made accessible during the endoscopic exposure. Apart from the cost point, the optical resolution is no better than that of the rigid endoscopes. Endoscopy can usefully be used on a scale of 1:50 to 1: 500. With smaller scales, it is hardly possible to position the light inlet opening at the appropriate eye level. If the endoscope has too large a diameter, the road space can u. U. can no longer be driven through.
If a model is available, the endoscopic recording is recommended because it is relatively easy to produce. So if a model is available, it can be endoscoped with little effort. The model can be provided with holes and slits for the viewing positions, which enable the feed of the endoscope and which can also be closed again. It is advantageous if the model can be dismantled into several parts. When designing the building, great emphasis should be placed on heat resistance. In addition, the model should not be too fragile, because mechanical damage must be expected from driving with the endoscope.
An endoscope without peripheral devices is sufficient for individual viewing through the eyepiece. In this case, only one person can look at the circular image at a time. It becomes more expensive as soon as these spatial impressions are to be stored in any medium (e.g. by coupling a video camera to the eyepiece ).
literature
- Carl-Axel Acking (among others): Environmental Simulating Methods and Public Communication . Swedish Council for Building Research, Stockholm 1976.
- Donald Appleyard: The Berkeley Environmental Simulation Laboratory [Working Paper 206]. University of California, Berkeley 1973.
- Seppo Aura (inter alia): Proceedings of the 1st European Architectural Endoscopy Association . Tampere 1993.
- Sigrun Dechène, Manfred Walz (eds.): Motion, E-Motion and Urban Space [Proceedings of the 7th EAEA Conference]. Media laboratory FB1, Dortmund 2006.
- GJ Hardie: Community participation based on three-dimensional simulation models . In: Design Studies , 9 (1988) No. 1, pp. 56-61.
- Elisabeth Hornyanszky Dalholm (Ed.): Full-Scale Modeling. Applications and Development of the Method [Proceedings of the 3rd European Full-Scale Modeling Conference / R3: 1991]. TH Lund, Lund 1991.
- Jürgen Joedicke: Experience with model simulation. To the endoscopic procedure . In: Werk, Bauen + Wohnen (1983) 11, pp. 40–43.
- Peter Kardos, Andrea Urland (Ed.): Spatial Simulation and Evaluation - New Tools in Architectural and Urban Design [Proceedings of the 6th EAEA Conference]. Slovak Technical University, Bratislava 2004.
- Bodil Kjaer: Study of Full-Scale Environmental Design Simulation Laboratories in Switzerland, Sweden, Holland and Denmark 1984 . University of Maryland, 1984.
- Roderick J. Lawrence: A 'Living-laboratory' for Home Design . In: Building Research and Practice 10 (1982) No. 3, pp. 152-159.
- William T. Lohmann: Specifications visual mockups . In: Progressive Architecture 67, 1986, No. 1, pp. 61-62.
- Antero Markelin, Bernd Fahle: Environmental simulation . Krämer, Stuttgart 1979.
- Bob Martens: Spatial Simulation Techniques in Architecture. Paths to a modern interior design [European university publications, vol. 37]. Lang Verlag, Frankfurt a. M. 1995.
- Bob Martens (Ed.): The Future of Endoscopy [Proceedings of the 2nd European Architectural Endoscopy]. ÖKK Editions, Vienna 1995.
- Bob Martens (Ed.): Full-scale Modeling in the Age of Virtual Reality [Proceedings of the 6th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference in Vienna]. ÖKK Editions, Vienna 1996.
- Bob Martens (Ed.): Full-scale Modeling and the Simulation of Light [Proceedings of the 7th European Full-scale Modeling Association Conference in Florence]. ÖKK Editions, Vienna 1999.
- P. of. Meiss: Avec et sans architecte: Indices architecturaux et adaption pour l'usage . In: Werk / Archithese (1979) No. 27–28, pp. 11–17.
- Peder D. Mortensen, Karen Zahle: Proceedings of the 1st European Full-Scale Workshop Conference . Copenhagen 1987.
- Günther Patzner: Environmental simulation with the endoscope . In: Deutsche Bauzeitung , 123, 1989, 12, pp. 40–42.
- Berthold Schwanzer: Model and Reality . Modulverlag, Vienna 1987.
- Stephen R. Sheppard: Visual Simulation . Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1989.
- Tobi Stöckli, Bendicht Weber: Proceedings of the 4th European Full-Scale Modeling Conference . Lausanne 1992.
- Jan Van der Does, Breen Jack, Martijn Stellingwerff (Eds.): Architectural and Urban Simulation Techniques in Research and Education . Delft University Press, Delft 1997.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. Space simulator on en.wikipedia.org
- ↑ VDI Society for Technical Building Equipment TGA (Ed.): VDI 6020 Bl. 1 - Requirements for calculation methods for building and system simulation - Building simulation . Beuth, May 2001, p. 5 .
- ^ Stefan Weinzierl (ed.): Manual of audio technology . Springer, 2009, ISBN 978-3-540-34301-1 , pp. 846 .
- ↑ DLR - Institute for Materials Physics in Space - The Institute. Retrieved February 15, 2020 .