Imperial Aramaic
| Imperial Aramaic | ||
|---|---|---|
|
Spoken in |
formerly in Mesopotamia , Syria , Egypt | |
| speaker | none ( extinct language ) | |
| Linguistic classification |
||
| Official status | ||
| Official language in | Persian Empire , Achaemenids | |
| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
|
As Imperial Aramaic is called the Aramaic transport and administrative language ( firm language ) of the Persian Empire in Syria and Mesopotamia under the Achaemenids .
History and meaning
The Aramaeans are first mentioned in Akkadian sources in the 14th century BC . Even before the middle of the first millennium BCE, Aramaic had established itself as the lingua franca in the whole of the Near East . His writing was a borrowing from Canaanite. In the Persian Empire, Aramaic served as the language of communication and administration. Joseph Markwart coined the term “Imperial Aramaic” for this form of Aramaic. "- the same time living in the Middle East Semites began Akkadians and the various Canaanite tribes - their native language in favor of Aramaic give up", which is also among the Jews , the Hebrew replaced as a spoken language. Imperial Aramaic took over the functions of Akkadian and became the bearer of the “canonical” Mesopotamian culture throughout the ancient Orient , and the traditional texts “document the political , cultural , religious and linguistic conditions of this entire area from around 1000 BC. until 200 AD ". Most of the later manifestations of Aramaic (including parts of the Tanakh , Jewish and Samaritan Bible translations such as the Targumim , Syriac , Mandaean and the New Aramaic languages) are linked to Imperial Aramaic.
literature
General
- Holger Gzella: Imperial Aramaic. In: Stefan Weninger (Ed.): The Semitic Languages. An International Handbook (= handbooks for language and communication studies. 36). de Gruyter Mouton, Berlin et al. 2011, ISBN 978-3-11-018613-0 , pp. 574-586.
- Holger Gzella: A Cultural History of Aramaic. From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam (= Handbook of Oriental Studies . Sect. 1: The Near and Middle East Vol. 111). Brill, Leiden et al. 2015, ISBN 978-90-04-28509-5 .
grammar
- Pontus Leander : Phonology and Forms of Egyptian-Aramaic (= Göteborgs Högskolas årsskrift. 34, 4, ZDB -ID 211567-0 ). Elander, Gothenburg 1928.
- Holger Gzella: Tempus, aspect and modality in Imperial Aramaic (= Academy of Sciences and Literature. Publications of the Oriental Commission. 48). Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2004, ISBN 3-447-05094-2 (also: Heidelberg, University, habilitation paper, 2004).
vocabulary
- Jacob Hoftijzer, Karel Jongeling: Dictionary of the North-West Semitic Inscriptions (= Handbook of Oriental Studies . Dept. 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 21, 1-2). 2 volumes (Vol. 1: ʾ - L. Vol. 2: M - T. ). Brill, Leiden et al. 1995, ISBN 90-04-09821-6 (Contains the entire known vocabulary of Imperial Aramaic).
Footnotes
- ↑ Carl Brockelmann : The Aramaic, including the Syriac. In: Semitistik (= Handbook of Oriental Studies. Dept. 1: The Near and Middle East. Vol. 3). Photomechanical reprint of the first edition 1953–1954. Brill, Leiden et al. 1964, pp. 135-162, here p. 140.
- ↑ Gzella: Tempus, Aspect and Modality in Imperial Aramaic . 2004, pp. 1-2.