Rhenish pottery

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Jug made of Siegburg ceramics from the late 14th century
Dried fruit and Siegburger jug , still life by Georg Flegel

Rhenish ceramics is a collective term for products from the medieval and modern pottery centers in the Rhineland .

General

In the Rhineland, clay deposits near the surface are known to exist in various places. The clays could therefore be mined in clay pits with simple means, then processed and finally burned. Wood was used as an energy source to operate the kilns .

Older ceramic productions

Even in prehistoric times , potters made pottery for local needs. A pottery kiln from the late Latene period was excavated in the vicus area of Bonn .

From the Roman provincial era, ceramic production is documented in various places. In Cologne not only vessels were made for everyday use, but also other shapes. For example, a manufacturer of terracottas signed a statuette depicting three matrons with CCAA ipse Fabricius f (ecit) (Cologne, made by Fabricius himself). Pottery kilns have also been found in other settlements, including in the Vici area of ​​the military camps in Bonn and Neuss and in civilian settlements near Aachen , Jülich and Vettweiß-Soller .

Middle Ages and Modern Times

Pingsdorf ceramics (12th century),
Museum Burg Linn
Siegburg ceramics (15th century),
Museum Burg Linn

In the Middle Ages , numerous production centers are known in the Rhineland that manufactured earthenware and later also stoneware . Characteristic vessel shapes and forms of decoration are traditionally often named after these places. Well-known examples are the light-toned, red-painted, earthen Pingsdorf ceramics or the Siegburg stoneware . With the naked eye and by looking at individual shards, it is not always possible to tell whether the vessel was really made in the place that gave it its name. In the oldest Siegburg production range, for example, there is light-clay ceramics that are painted red, as in Pingsdorf.

Earthenware

For the Rhenish foothills, the so-called Badorf ceramics began to be produced in the late Merovingian period around 700 AD, while the Walberberg goods were probably made a little later. Pingsdorfer Art goods can be identified from the 10th century.

Rhenish stoneware

With stoneware, technological changes, higher firing temperatures and changes in the clay composition can be used to achieve a completely sintered and therefore water-impermeable body. Early stoneware was initially produced in Siegburg from around 1300, and real stoneware from the early 14th century. Other important Rhenish pottery dances from the Middle Ages and early modern times can be found in the area of ​​Aachen and Raeren , in Elmpt , Paffrath , Langerwehe , Cologne and Frechen .

chronology

The relative sequence of shapes, types of goods and forms of decoration in Rhenish ceramics can be traced back to the stratigraphy of settlement excavations. An absolute dating for this relative ceramic chronology can be obtained with the help of coin treasure vessels in which the coins contained can give an indication of the time of concealment; as well as by isolated dendrochronologically dated finds.

distribution

Rhenish ceramics are particularly widespread in Western and Northern Europe and were found in the North and Baltic Sea region and even on Gotland . From the late 16th century, the seafarers from England, Spain and the Netherlands in particular used ceramic vessels for storage on the ships and also sold the ceramic vessels in their colonies. Rhenish ceramics were exported to North and Central America and later to Australia and Southeast Asia.

literature

General

  • In Krugbäckerland . In: The Gazebo . Issue 7, 1867, pp. 108, 110–111 ( full text [ Wikisource ]).
  • Otto von Falke : The Rhenish stoneware. 2 volumes. Berlin 1908.
  • David RM Gaimster: German Stoneware, 1200-1900: Archeology and Cultural History. British Museum Press, London 1997.
  • David Gaimster, Mark Redknap, Hans-Helmut Wegner: On ceramics of the Middle Ages and the early modern times in the Rhineland. Medieval and later pottery from the Rhineland and his markets. BAR International Series 440, Oxford 1988
  • Andreas Heege: The ceramics of the early and high Middle Ages from the Rhineland. State of research. Typology, chronology, types of goods. Holos, Bonn 1995, ISBN 3-86097-138-7 , ( Archaeological Reports 5).
  • John Hurst , David S. Neal, HJE van Beuningen: Pottery produced and traded in north-west Europe 1350–1650. Rotterdam Papers VI. A contribution to medieval archeology. The Hague 1986. pp. 184-190.
  • Karl Koetschau : Rhenish stoneware. Munich 1924.
  • Hartwig Lüdtke, Kurt Schietzel : Handbook on medieval ceramics in Northern Europe (= writings of the Archaeological State Museum 6). 3 volumes. Neumünster: Wachholtz, 2001, ISBN 978-3-529-01818-3 .
  • Günter Mangelsdorf: The Aachhorn from Greifswald - a contribution to medieval devotional studies. Ed. Horst Keiling. Soil monument preservation in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, yearbook 1991. Archaeological State Museum, Schwerin 1992, pp. 219–225.
  • Gisela Reineking von Bock: stoneware. Decorative Arts Museum of the City of Cologne. Cologne 1986.
  • Henning Stilke: Medieval ceramic coin treasure vessels from the Rhineland. Greven, Cologne 2003, ISBN 3-7743-0348-7 , (= Art and Antiquity on the Rhine 143).
  • Ingeborg Unger: The art of German stoneware. Collection Karl and Petra Amendt and the Krefeld art museums. Krefeld 2013.

On individual types of ceramics and pottery centers

  • Bernhard Beckmann: The shard hill in the Siegburger Aulgasse. Rheinland-Verlag, Bonn 1975, ISBN 3-7927-0238-X , (= Rheinische Ausgrabungen , 16).
  • Christoph Keller: Badorf, Walberberg and Hunneschans. The temporal structure of Carolingian ceramics from the Cologne-Bonn foothills. In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt , Volume 34 (2004), 1, pp. 125-137, ISSN  0342-734X .
  • Markus Sanke: The medieval ceramic production in Brühl-Pingsdorf. Technology - typology - chronology. Zabern, Mainz 2002, ISBN 3-8053-2878-8 , (= Rheinische Ausgrabungen , 50).
  • Fritz Tischler : On the dating of the early medieval pottery from Badorf, Cologne district. In: Germania. Gazette of the Roman-Germanic Commission of the German Archaeological Institute Volume 30, 1944–1952, pp. 194–200, ISSN  0016-8874 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Distribution of Paffrath ceramics ; Retrieved May 23, 2012
  2. ^ Distribution of Siegburger Steinzeug ; Retrieved May 23, 2012
  3. ↑ Distribution of Langerweher ceramics ; Retrieved May 23, 2012
  4. ↑ Trade relations with the colonies ( Memento of the original dated August 9, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved May 24, 2012 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.toepfereimuseum.org