Riepenburg
| Riepenburg | ||
|---|---|---|
 Riepenburg fortification, illustration from 1749 |
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| Creation time : | around 1250 | |
| Castle type : | Niederungsburg, moth | |
| Conservation status: | Castle stable, castle hill, wall and moat remains | |
| Place: | Hamburg - Kirchwerder | |
| Geographical location | 53 ° 24 '6.5 " N , 10 ° 12' 28.9" E | |
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The Riepenburg is an abandoned Niederungsburg of the type of a tower hill castle (Motte) in Kirchwerder in Hamburg's Vierlanden , which can be dated to the period between around 1250 and 1506. Their main task was the military security of the customs office in Eyslingen (later Zollenspieker ). From 1420 it was the administrative seat of the Riepenburg Office.
Location and appearance
The Riepenburg was located at the southernmost of the three arms of the Elbe opposite the mouth of the Ilmenau near the village of Haue . There was a connection between the Ilmenau and the easily navigable middle Elbarm, the Gose Elbe . A customs post had been set up on the upstream Werder Krauel that had to be protected militarily. Later there was also a ferry there. The complex consisted of two trenches with ring walls in front of them. The oval double ramparts had a floor plan of around 150 × 220 meters. In the middle of it rose a heaped castle hill with a diameter of about 130 meters, on which the buildings and the defense wall of the complex stood. In the south lay today's Elbe, in the east the above-mentioned connecting arm of the Ilmenau to the Gose Elbe, of which only a small pond, the Riepenburger Brook, testifies.
The buildings of the fortress are difficult to reconstruct as there is very little archaeological knowledge about them. It is believed that it resembled the closest administrative center, the castle in Bergedorf , as it had similar tasks to perform. Accordingly, it could have been a complex with a residential tower , a half-timbered house , gatehouse , courtyard, a small stable and a battlement . What it looked like before the destruction in 1362 cannot be meaningfully reconstructed.
history
From the foundation to the two-city conquest (approx. 1250 to 1420)
The exact time of the laying of the foundation stone of the Festes Haus Riepenburg is not documented. Presumably the complex was built around 1250 or greatly expanded. The main task of the facility was to protect the customs station in Eyslingen (also Yslingen, later called Esslingen). This customs post was first mentioned in 1216. In addition, a ferry, first mentioned in 1252, was protected, which established a connection with the other bank of the Elbe at the site of the original Ilmenau estuary: the Eyslinger ferry, which later became known as the Zollenspieker ferry . The namesake of the Riepenburg was its owner, the Knight Hermann Ribe , who belonged to a Wendish noble family and was mentioned in a document in 1289 , the Duke Albrecht II of Saxony-Wittenberg as guardian of his underage nephews, the sons of his brother Johann I of Saxony-Lauenburg Ende, who died in 1285 in the 13th century temporarily transferred the administration of the duchy of Saxony-Lauenburg . From 1339 the youngest of the nephews, Duke Erich I of Saxony-Lauenburg , lived for a few years on the Riepenburg, which had been awarded to him in the Treaty of Lauenburg in 1322 .
The castle served as one of the many bulwarks from which the knights fought against the politically and economically growing free trade cities of Hamburg and Lübeck ; It was therefore, like many other permanent houses in the area, a robber baron's castle. Hermann von Ribe, son of the castle's namesake, was executed as a mugger by the people of Lübeck in 1289. A peace treaty of 1289 calmed the situation, although raids on trading trains continued until the beginning of the 15th century. In connection with the clashes with the Hanseatic cities , but also in the struggle for possession of the lucrative customs station, Wilhelm II of Braunschweig-Lüneburg attacked the Riepenburg in 1362 , which at that time belonged to Erich II of Saxony-Lauenburg . The fortress was captured and razed. In its place, a few kilometers upstream at Gammerort, another fortress was built, which in turn only existed for a short time. The Riepenburg was rebuilt.
1370 pledged Erich III. from Sachsen-Lauenburg Bergedorf and Riepenburg to Lübeck. His cousin and heir Erich IV declared the pledge null and void and in 1401 conquered the Bergedorf Castle in a single coup. With that, the Riepenburg and the customs ferry also fell back into the possession of the Lauenburg dukes. The Lübeckers reacted only after the new election of their Senate in 1419 and, together with their ally Hamburg, presented the feud letter on July 7th, 1420. The attack on Bergedorf with a force of 3800 men began on July 10th, 1420. Just one day later fell the city; the fortress in Bergedorf lasted until 14./15. July 1420. As a result, the Riepenburg was attacked with 3,000 men. On the morning of July 25, 1420, the armed forces stood in front of Riepenburg, which had 46 men. Given the overwhelming power, the defenders surrendered without a fight. The Riepenburg, together with the town and castle of Bergedorf , became part of the joint administration of Hamburg and Lübeck in the Perleberg Peace Treaty on August 23, 1420.
From bailiwick to office (1420 to 1512)
After the castle was turned off as a resistance nest against the supremacy of the Hanseatic merchants, it was converted, like Bergedorf Castle, into an administrative center for the Vierlande. Between 1420 and 1422, the Hamburg and Lübeck Senates jointly determined the fate of the two offices. From 1422 onwards, every four years and from 1446 every six years, a bailiff from the other city, usually a former senator, was sent to the refuges in both cities. The membership of the senators in the two offices was also different: while the first bailiff on the Riepenburg was from Lübeck, the first bailiff from Bergedorf was a Hamburg resident.
The duties of the bailiffs encompassed all facets of political administration from military suzerainty to tax collection and jurisdiction. Both in Bergedorf and on the Riepenburg, the appointed bailiff had to pay eight defenders and deposit a guarantee of 4,000 marks for the respective senate. Their activities were overseen by a consortium made up of councilors from both cities.
The last term of office on the Riepenburg began in 1506. In the Bergedorfischen state constitution under § 9.2 that the buildings of the Riepenburg had to be demolished between 1508 and 1512 because of age and dilapidation. Since the Ilmenau no longer flowed directly into the Elbe, but into the neighboring Luhe shortly before reaching the river , the ferry dock and thus the customs station had been relocated a few hundred meters downstream in 1470 to the location of today's Zollenspieker ferry house. As a result, the Riepenburg was relieved of its main task. The administrative operations of the Riepenburg office were combined with the Bergedorf office and combined under the office of Hermann Messmann at Bergedorf Castle . The Riepenburg was given up.
List of officials at the Riepenburg
| Period | Bailiff | origin | comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1422-1426 | Nicholas of Stiten | Lübeck | Councilor in Lübeck 1402 (reinstated in 1416 with the other surviving members of the Old Council) |
| 1426-1430 | Marten Swartekog | Hamburg | |
| 1430-1434 | Johann Lueneburg | Lübeck | 1434–1438 bailiff in Bergedorf ; Mayor of Lübeck from 1442 |
| 1434-1438 | Johan Vos | Hamburg | 1438–1442 bailiff in Bergedorf ; Hamburg councilor |
| 1438-1442 | Tideman Hadewerk | Lübeck | Councilor in Lübeck since 1428; 1442–1445 bailiff in Bergedorf |
| 1442-1446 | Hildebrand Brandes | Hamburg | |
| 1446-1452 | Johann Hovemann | Lübeck | Councilor in Lübeck since 1428 |
| 1452-1458 | Hinrich Lesemann | Hamburg | Mayor of Hamburg 1458–1464 |
| 1458-1464 | Konrad Brekewoldt | Lübeck | Councilor in Lübeck since 1455; 1464–70 bailiff in Bergedorf |
| 1464-1470 | Hans Lesemann | Hamburg | |
| 1470-1476 | Fritz Grawert | Lübeck | Councilor in Lübeck since 1460, died in Riepenburg |
| 1476-1482 | Hans Lesemann | Hamburg | |
| 1482-1488 | Engelbrecht Vickinghusen | Lübeck | 1488–1494 bailiff in Bergedorf |
| 1488-1494 | Erik van Tzeven | Hamburg | Mayor of Hamburg 1499–1504 |
| 1494-1500 | Engelbrecht Vickinghusen | Lübeck | |
| 1500-1506 | Matthias Schiphower | Hamburg | |
| 1506-1512 | Hermann Messmann | Lübeck | Lübeck councilor from 1496 1500–1506 and 1512–1515 (†) bailiff in Bergedorf. |
After the demolition (1512 until today)
After the demolition of the permanent house and the discontinuation of administrative tasks, the area around the Riepenburg was used exclusively for agriculture. A floor plan of 1826 shows the complete Wall- and grave system of the castle together with the castle hill. According to the draftsman JH von Holten, it was significantly higher than the Elbe dike at that time. The earth walls are also much lower today than they were then. Of the earthworks, the southeast half of the ring wall with a ditch in front of a length of about 220 meters and the castle hill have been preserved. But they no longer reach their original heights. According to a cadastral survey from 1964, the castle hill rises about four and a half meters above the Elbe and about two meters above the surrounding land and is therefore hardly noticeable, especially since the nearby Elbe dike towers above it. The archaeological remains of the Riepenburg are under monument protection . A sign on the Zollenspieker circular route points out the importance of the weak surface shapes.
Domain Riepenburg
After the Riepenburg was no longer the seat of the bailiff, it was only a state farm ( state domain ) that was leased to an interested party on a long-term basis. The tenant operated at his own risk and had to pay a fixed sum annually. This was not reduced even in the event of war or abuse. The only exception was the breach of the dike (lease conditions 1792). For centuries, the company had an area of 110–120 ha. After the end of the two-city administration (1867), the sale of land began. The Riepenburg mill , which had belonged to the castle since 1318, was demolished in 1828 and rebuilt as a Dutch windmill . In 1878 it was separated from the farm with 8 hectares and has been run as an independent business ever since. In 1908 a bird protection tree was laid out on an area of 7 ha. As part of the land reform in Germany after the First World War, parts of the estates were parceled out and mainly sold to war-damaged gardeners. This resulted in the Krummer Hagen, Riebenweg and Second Fersenweg settlements. In 1997 the area was 80.5 hectares. Even before that, no commercial farms had been possible since around 1985 and the lands were cultivated by other businesses.
The estate manager's house, which was rebuilt in 1853, is located on the site. The well-known Hamburg builder Johann Hermann Maack and the council carpenter Fetterlein created the plans . The farm buildings are older.
See also
literature
- Ralf Busch (Ed.): The art of the Middle Ages in Hamburg. The castles . Dölling and Galitz, Hamburg 1999, ISBN 3-933374-47-2 ( Publications of the Hamburg Museum for Archeology and the History of Harburg - Helms-Museum . No. 85), p. 32.
- Emil Ferdinand Fehling : Lübeck Council Line , Lübeck 1925
- Monument Protection Office Hamburg (Ed.): Monument topography Federal Republic of Germany: Bergedorf, Vier- und Marschlande . Christians-Verlag, Hamburg 1986, ISBN 3-7672-0969-1 .
- Harald Richert: Between Bille and Elbe . Verlag Otto Heinevetter, Hamburg 1987, ISBN 3-87474-966-5 .
- Culture and history office (ed.): Vierlande . Cultural history between the Elbe and Bille . 1st edition. 2nd volume. Hamburg 2008, ISBN 978-3-9811271-4-0 , chapter "Die Riepenburg", p. 194 ff.
- Simone Vollstädt: The Riepenburg and the Riepenburger Mühle . Self-published, Hamburg 1997.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ^ Entry on Riepenburg in the private database "Alle Burgen".
- ↑ a b c d R. Busch: The art of the Middle Ages in Hamburg. The castles , p. 32.
- ↑ The "Riepenburger Brook" or "Riepenburger Brack"
- ↑ Zollenspieker circular route
- ↑ S. Vollstädt: Die Riepenburg p. 29
- ↑ B. Reinert: The settlement for war disabled on the domain Riepenburg and the Riepenburg; Bergedorf Blog March 9th, 2020