Curling
Of curling (curling) occurs when a few centimeters wide strip of bark on the lower part of the trunk of a tree or shrub is annularly removed. Here the flow of sap is interrupted, i.e. the transport of the assimilates to the roots is stopped. As a result, the tree usually dies, especially if the bark and cambium have been removed, making it much more difficult to close the wound. The death of a tree can sometimes take one to three years, as the crown continues to be supplied with water and minerals via the undisturbed, deeper lying xylem . Only when the root begins to die off due to the lack of assimilates does emergency fertilization or the death of the whole plant occur. After peeling with a special knife, remnants of the cambium are removed with a wire brush.
Ringing in forestry
In forestry , ringing is used specifically for clearing to remove unwanted trees. In contrast to other clearings, the removed parts of the stand remain as dead wood . Since the trunks are relatively young and therefore thinner, the positive effect on nature conservation is only partially available. The advantages are the structure that was initially preserved, which stabilizes the stand against wind pressure, and the lower number of personnel required in smaller forest operations, since at least two people always have to work with the chainsaw for safety reasons.
In addition, curling can prevent stick erosion , which is why the method was probably used for clearing as early as the Neolithic , according to finds, probably in connection with clearing and burning . In the large-scale Schwendbau as well as in the Röderwirtschaft , ringing was a common method.
Today, ringing is used to combat black locust trees in the context of nature conservation , as they have an extreme tendency to erosion after cutting. Other species that are undesirable in certain places for nature conservation reasons and that react to stalking with stick rash (e.g. trembling poplars ) can also be controlled in this way.
As a rule, coniferous wood is not curled, since weakened trees offer the possibility of reproduction for bark beetles and thus represent a threat to the rest of the population. The exception to this is an observation of the increased resilience of ringed spruce trunks in later use.
Ringing in fruit growing
A method that is now rarely used to force fruit trees to produce full yield more quickly is ringing in fruit growing . However, the survival of the plant is always sought. The resulting stress and shift in the flow of matter causes an emergency fertilization . When the tree has survived this stage, the level of development of the full yield remains.
The ringing was only used incompletely. A bark bar about two centimeters wide was retained to prevent the entire plant from dying off. As an alternative method, ringing or strangling with a wire could also be used. However, it is difficult to dose the pressure that is still permissible.
Both forms are rarely used nowadays, on the one hand the modern cutting methods make these interventions superfluous and on the other hand the wounds caused are very detrimental to the health and thus the life of the tree.
Animal harm
Eating damage can also cause curling if the cambium of the plant is destroyed all around. Such damage to young plants in forestry is often caused by mice ( earth vole , bank vole ), spruce weevils or the apple tree borer. The same effect also occurs when brown hares and other animals gnaw the bark of trees due to a lack of food in harsh winters (a problem particularly in fruit growing ). Peeling or sweeping damage caused by game can also lead to the death of the tree, if the extent is appropriate.
Others
Infections , which are often caused by fungi , can cause similar damage.
A similar pattern of damage often obtained right when the leaders of brushcutters with the nylon thread especially close approach want to strains of young trees or shrubs. Very often the entire, still thin bark is cut off over several centimeters. With such Mähfehlern freshly planted are rear trains involuntary avenues transformed, since only the occasional planted, larger trees survive this treatment with their stronger bark, while all the small plants die later than the second year after the damage.
Web links
- FA Heinen: Eifel National Park: After the curling they are red. In: Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger . August 12, 2011, accessed on August 11, 2015 (careful removal of the non-indigenous Douglas fir from the Eifel National Park ).
- Pro softwood floodplain - versus ash-maple. Ash and maple ring in Halle. Korina (Coordination Office for Invasive Neophytes in Protected Areas of Saxony-Anhalt at the UfU ), October 2014, accessed on August 11, 2015 .
- Successful control of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) ringlets with residual bridge
Individual evidence
- ↑ Urs Mühlethaler: The Robinia is for discussion. In: Wald und Holz 6/10. Forestry Research and Research Institute Baden-Württemberg & LWF, BFW and WSL, January 14, 2014, accessed on August 25, 2016 .
- ↑ Uwe Starfinger, Ingo Kowarik: Robinia pseudoacacia. (No longer available online.) In: species manual, portraits of important invasive and potentially invasive plant and animal species. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, July 21, 2016, archived from the original on August 25, 2016 ; Retrieved August 25, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Annemarie Radkowitsch: Ailanthus altissima. (No longer available online.) In: species manual, portraits of important invasive and potentially invasive plant and animal species. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, December 15, 2008, archived from the original on August 25, 2016 ; Retrieved August 25, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Michael Machatschek: Trees-Ringeln. (No longer available online.) Switzerland. Federal Office for Agriculture, January 13, 2016, archived from the original on August 25, 2016 ; Retrieved August 25, 2016 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Frederic Müller: What to do when the apple tree doesn't bear? Artländer Pflanzenhof, Quakenbrück, April 28, 2016, accessed on August 25, 2016 .
- ↑ Baufeld, Kehlenbeck, Schrader: Provisional PRA for Saperda candida. Julius Kühn-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Cultivated Plants, August 27, 2009, accessed on August 16, 2016 .
- ↑ Horst Stobbe, Dirk Dujesiefken: trunk painting on young trees. In: Tree Research, BaumZeitung (01 | 06). January 1, 2006, accessed August 29, 2016 .
- ↑ TreeProtect® trunk protection. Hermann Meyer KG, Rellingen, accessed on August 16, 2016 .
