Rizaeddin bin Fachreddin

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Portrait photography by Rizaeddin bin Fachreddin

Rizaeddin bin Fachreddin (born January 12, 1858 in Kitschutschat, Samara , † 1936 ) was a Bashkir and Tatar scholar who lived in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union . His numerous writings on religious, political and educational topics were part of the Jadidist movement , and the magazine Shura , which he edited, was an important organ of political activity for Muslims in the late Empire.

Life

Rizaeddin bin Fachreddin was born the son of a mullah in the village of Kitschutschat in Samara Governorate . He attended Mekteb his village, which was headed by his father, the madrasah in the near Tschelscheli. At the age of 30 he became a mullah and head of the madrasah in the village of Ilbek. In 1891 he was elected Kadi . Thereby he became a member of the Sobranie , the Russian administration of the Muslims, which is why he moved to their seat in Ufa . There he managed the authority's extensive archive.

The building of the Muslim Religious Administration in Ufa

During the Russian Revolution of 1905 he presented the Sobranie Muftis with an extensive reform program. It included, among other things, an extension of the authority's competence to include the Kazakh Muslims, which the Russian authorities rejected because of the expected increase in power through centralization.

Fachreddin gave up his religious office in 1906 and became editor of the Orenburg magazine Vaqt . In 1908 he began publishing his magazine Shura (Council) , which was the longest-lived of the Tatar-language newspapers in the Russian Empire . In 1921, after the Soviets came to power , he took up a religious office again and was Mufti of the European region of Russia until his death in 1936. As far as possible, he refused to cooperate with the Soviet authorities.

plant

As part of the dschadidistischen movement Fachreddins work was influenced by many other Dschadidisten. So studied for some time at the madrasah of Shahabeddin Marjani and met the political activist Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani on a trip to St. Petersburg . Another influence was the Egyptian scholar Muhammad Abduh .

Fachreddin spoke Arabic, Persian, Turkish and Russian. He used the Turki proclaimed by Ismail Gazprinski as the common language for all Turks, but took Tatar peculiarities into account.

The Marjani madrasah in Kazan

Fachreddin was an extremely prolific writer who published more than sixty books during his life. His most important work is his two-volume series of biographies on Central Asian scholars ( Asar and Meshhur Irler ), which he wrote while working at the Archives of the Muslim Administration. For some of the personalities portrayed (including Ibn Ruschd (Averroes) , Ibn al-Arabi , al-Ghazālī and Ibn Taimīya ) his work is still the best source. He also published journalistic texts, books and essays on the general situation of Muslims in Russia, educational works or on social issues (including women's education and family policy). His essay Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad , published in 1906, is a criticism of the reform demands of the Russian ulama , which Fachreddin perceived as too vague .

According to Azade-Ayşe Rorlich, the importance of education to overcome poverty and the possibility of connecting Islam and science were central components of Fachreddin's worldview. He saw the rise and fall of nations as directly related to their belief systems and therefore believed that a departure from superstition and a return to the beginnings of Islam would be necessary for a Muslim renaissance. He also criticized the history of Ibn Challikāns because of its focus on the deeds of rulers and tried in his books and writings to appreciate the socially promoting deeds of "normal" Muslims.

Works (selection)

  • Asar
  • Meshhur Irler ("Famous People")
  • Munasib Diniye ("To Religion")
  • Islamlar haqinda kükümet tedbirleri (" Government Measures Concerning Muslims")
  • Rusya Muslimanlarining ihtiyachlari ve anlar haqinda intiqad ("The needs of Russian Muslims and a criticism concerning them")

literature

  • Ahmet Kanlidere: Reform within Islam. The Tajdid and Jadid Movement among the Kazan Tatars (1809-1917) , Istanbul 1997; Pp. 50-52.
  • Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: The Volga Tatars , Stanford 1986; Pp. 53-58.
  • Charles Kurzman : Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook , New York 2002, p. 33.
  • Ismail Türkoğlu: Rusya Türkleri Arasindaki Yenileşme Hareketinin Öncülerinden Rizaeddin Fahreddin (1858-1936) (Rizaeddin Fahreddin, A Pioneer of the Renewal Movement of the Turks of Russia) , Istanbul 2000.
  • Mahmud Tahir: Rizaeddin Fahreddin , in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), pp. 111-115.
  • Ömer Hakan Özalp: Rizaeddin bin Fahreddin , Istanbul 2001.

Web links

Commons : Rizaeddin Fahreddin  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b Mahmud Tahir: Rizaeddin Fahreddin , in: Central Asian Survey (1989, Volume 8), pp. 111-115.
  2. ↑ a b c Azade-Ayşe Rorlich: The Volga Tatars , Stanford 1986; Pp. 53-58.
  3. ^ A b Charles Kurzman : Modernist Islam, 1840-1940. A Sourcebook , New York 2002, p. 33.
  4. ↑ Article in the Oxford Dictionary of Islam
personal data
SURNAME Rizaeddin bin Fachreddin
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Tatar scholar
DATE OF BIRTH January 12, 1858
PLACE OF BIRTH Kitschutschat , Samara
DATE OF DEATH 1936