Xerocomellus
| Xerocomellus | ||||||||||||
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Common red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus chrysenteron ) |
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| Systematics | ||||||||||||
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| Scientific name | ||||||||||||
| Xerocomellus | ||||||||||||
| Šutara |
The red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus ) are a genus of mushrooms from the family of the thick boletus relatives (Boletaceae). They were part of the Filzröhrlinge ( Xerocomus ) until 2008 , but were placed in a separate genus due to new relational findings.
The type species is the common red-footed bolete ( Xerocomellus chrysenteron ).
features
The red-footed boletus are species with small to predominantly medium-sized and often vividly colored fruiting bodies. The hat has a dry, initially velvety and later often field-torn hat surface. The stem, which is sometimes striped lengthways, but mostly not wetted, is usually slender and not very firm.
Generic delimitation
Decisive features to differentiate the red-footed boletus from the felt bolete , thick boletus and the genus Hemileccinum according to Šutara:
Differentiation from the felt tubers
| Red-footed boletus Xerocomellus |
Felt tubers Xerocomus s. st. |
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|---|---|---|
| Spore surface | longitudinally striped or smooth, never rod-shaped | rod-shaped |
| Tube trama | in the fully developed stage a structure which lies in the middle between the thick tubular (boletoid) and leaf tubular (phylloporoid) type. Outer layers faintly but clearly gelatinous, loosely arranged, with hyphae clearly separated from each other. In Congo red preparations, the inner layer appears much redder than the outer layer. | leaf tubelike. Outer layer not gelatinous, with densely arranged hyphae that almost or completely touch each other. In Congo red preparations, the inner layer is the same or almost the same color as the outer layer. |
| Hat top layer | a typical palisadoderm in the early stages | Trichoderm in the early stages |
| Stem bark | absent or greatly reduced, mostly 30 (-40) micrometers wide | in some young fruiting bodies up to 80 (–200) µm wide |
| Stick meat | not as hard in the base of the handle as in the felt tubers | relatively hard in the stem base |
Differentiation from the Dickröhrlingen
| Red-footed boletus Xerocomellus |
Thick boletus Boletus s. st. |
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|---|---|---|
| Fruiting bodies | mostly smaller and slimmer, typical felt tube-like appearance | mostly fleshy and robust, usually with a thick tube-like appearance |
| Hat top layer | initially a palisadoderm | a trichoderm, sometimes collapsing, rarely an ixotrichoderm temporarily or otherwise |
| Hat surface | neither slimy nor sticky when wet | usually a bit slimy or at least sticky when damp |
| Tube trama | Structure in the middle between the thick bolete and leaf bolet-like type, with a slightly gelatinous outer layer | Structure really thick tubule-like, outer layer in the fully developed stage more gelatinous than in the red-footed tubule |
| Pores | fully developed angular and relatively large, approx. 1–2.5 mm | rounded and quite small, usually no larger than 1 mm |
| Tubes | no longer than 10 (–14) mm, almost grown or slightly bulged around the stem and with one tooth running down briefly | fully developed up to 20 (–35) mm long, usually bulging around the stem, sometimes almost free and not descending |
| Stem bark | absent or greatly reduced, not thicker than 30 (-40) µm and not gelatinous | mostly well developed under favorable conditions, up to 60 (–90) µm thick, often gelatinous |
Differentiation from Hemileccinum
| Red-footed boletus Xerocomellus |
Hemileccinum |
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|---|---|---|
| Fruiting bodies | smaller and slimmer than in the Hemileccinum species; general appearance red-footed tubelet-like | bigger and meatier; general appearance in the middle between thick and Raufussröhrlingen |
| Stem surface | very finely granulated | scaly, with light but clear scales |
| Stem bark | absent or greatly reduced, mostly 30 (–40) µm thick | tubule-like type, up to 400 (–640) µm thick, breaking up into characteristic hyphae tufts |
| Hat top layer | initially a palisadoderm | a trichoderm in the initial stage; later the trichodermal hyphae partially collapse or the structure changes completely to a subepithelium. |
| Pores | fully developed relatively large, approx. 1–2.5 mm, angular | smaller than 1 mm, rounded |
| Tubes | no more than 10 (–14) mm long, almost attached or slightly bulged around the stalk, with one tooth falling short | up to 20 (–30) mm long in old age, somewhat bulged around the stalk, sometimes almost free, not sloping down |
| Tube trama | Structure between thick tubule and leaf tubule type | thick tubule-like |
species
The genus originally comprised 15 species, of which 13 occur or were to be expected in Europe. The species group around the blood-red red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus rubellus ) is now included in the independent genus Hortiboletus based on phylogenetic findings . The apricot-colored red-footed boletus ( X. armeniacus ) and closely related species have recently formed the genus Rheubarbariboletus .
| Red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus ) worldwide (* = non-European species) |
Common red-footed boletus, Xerocomellus chrysenteron
Dark red red-footed boletus Xerocomellus dryophilus
Gloomy red-footed boletus, Xerocomellus porosporus
Frosted or handsome red-footed
bolete, Xerocomellus pruinatus
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literature
- Heidi Ladurner, Giampaolo Simonini: Xerocomus s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 8 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 2003, ISBN 978-88-901057-2-2 (527 pages).
- Thomas Rödig: The European species of the genera Xerocomus s. st. and Xerocomellus according to the genus concept of Šutara 2008 as well as demarcation from related European genera and species. (PDF; 215 kB) December 2011, accessed on February 19, 2012 (21 pages).
Individual evidence
- ↑ Manfred Binder, David S. Hibbett: Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales . In: Mycologia . tape 98 (6) . Mycological Society of America, 2006, pp. 971–981 , doi : 10.3852 / mycologia.98.6.971 ( PDF; 2.49 MB ).
- ↑ a b c d e Josef Šutara: Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge . In: Czech Mycology . tape 60 (1) . Czech Scientific Society for Mycology, 2008, p. 29-62 ( PDF; 860 kB ). PDF; 860 kB ( Memento of the original from July 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Jonathan L. Frank: Index Fungorum no.179. (PDF) July 22, 2014, accessed January 25, 2014 .
- ↑ Wolfgang Klofac: Red-footed boletus (genus Xerocomellus ) in current view . In: Österreichische Mykologische Gesellschaft (Hrsg.): Austrian Journal for Pilzkunde . tape 20 , 2011, p. 35-43 .
- ↑ Michal Mikšík: Index Fungorum no.182 . (PDF) July 30, 2014, accessed on January 28, 2014 .
- ↑ Ursula Peintner, Heidi Ladurner, Giampaolo Simonini: Xerocomus cisalpinus sp. nov., and the delimitation of species in the X. chrysenteron complex based on morphology and rDNA-LSU sequences . In: The British Mycological Society (Ed.): Mycological Research . tape 107 , no. 6 , 2003, p. 659-679 , doi : 10.1017 / S0953756203007901 .
- ^ Alfredo Vizzini: Index Fungorum no.244. (PDF) May 26, 2015, accessed on July 15, 2015 .
