Frosted red-footed bolete
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Frosted red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus pruinatus ) |
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| ( Fr. ) Šutara |
The frosted red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus pruinatus , syn. Boletus pruinatus, Xerocomus pruinatus ) is a type of mushroom from the family of thick boletus relatives . Until a few years ago it was listed in the genus Filzröhrlinge ( Xerocomus ), which however was reduced to the family of the goat lip due to molecular biological knowledge . Because of the rather compact fruiting bodies it is also called the stately red-footed boletus . In addition, the species is popularly called autumn red foot because it prefers to fructify in autumn or at least in autumn-like cold periods .
features
Macroscopic features
The frosted red-footed boletus has a 2.5–10 (–15) cm wide, initially cushion-shaped hat , which flattens out with age and curves upwards at the edge. The top layer of the hat has a black, dark to chestnut brown color. Sometimes the hat can also be colored completely wine to blood red. The brown colors of old fruit bodies can also have dark olive tones. The wine-red lower layer (subcutis) underneath is often visible at the edge. Otherwise the edge is lighter, whitish, yellowish or tinted from apricot to rust. The surface is wrinkled and pitted when young and has a fine, velvety frosting. Later it becomes smoother, bald and shows hardly any cracks in the hat skin. The cracks only appear at the edge and only in rare cases extend to the entire hat. In rainy weather the surface is sticky, otherwise dry. Any pale yellowish spots that have been eaten will turn reddish after a few hours.
The young lemon-yellow, joyful yellow to chrome-yellow, then greenish-yellow tubes hardly blue on pressure, but happily take on rusty brown tones. The pores (tube mouths) are colored like the tubes, round when young and later rather polygonal, irregularly wound and rarely larger than 1 mm. The tube layer that has grown on the handle and descends with a tooth is often thicker than the meat of the hat. The spore powder has a mustard-yellow color when fresh, and a more olive-tinted color when dry.
The 3–8 (–12) cm long, 1–3 (–4) cm wide and strong, weakly fibrous stalk usually has a bulbous, spindle-shaped and fully-grown cylindrical shape. The color spectrum ranges from yellowish to bright yellow, rarely red flaky from the beginning, older fruiting bodies often show red spots and can eventually look completely red. The base of the stem often turns brown when squeezed and shows a dirty white to pale yellowish mycelium .
During growth, the purely yellow flesh in the hat fades to a whitish shade, but in the handle it remains more richly colored and shows more ocher tones, sometimes a red sheen. The base eventually takes on a more or less intense blue color. In contact with air, the meat does not turn blue, or only a little when it is old. Only the stem bark can have red tones. The wine-red line under the top layer of the hat can be seen particularly well when a scalp is cut. A disc is cut off from the top of the hat with a blade at a flat angle, making the subcutis appear wider and better differentiated. The smell and taste are inconspicuous to slightly sour.
With fresh fruiting bodies, the meat stains olive-green after a drop of Melzer's reagent is applied , while desiccates show a weak to distinct “volatile amyloid color reaction ” in the stalk meat and in the lamellar trama.
Microscopic features
The spores measure (9.0) 14.0 ± 1.18 (17.2) x (3.8) 5.1 ± 0.36 (6.3) micrometers, the quotient of length and width is (2, 0) 2.7 ± 0.22 (3.6). They have an almost spindle-shaped shape, a well-defined dent at the top of the apiculus and walls that are up to 0.5 µm thick. The spores are intensely honey-colored and filled with 1–2 oil droplets when ripe. The finely longitudinally striped surface visible under the scanning electron microscope is difficult to see with the light microscope. The spores do not show a color reaction when iodine or potassium hydroxide is added .
The dimensions of the club-shaped, (1–3) 4-spore basidia are 30-45 x 9.5-15 x 3-6 µm. Like the cystids , they are filled in 3 percent potassium hydroxide with a colorless to yellowish content. The bulbous, spindle-shaped pleurocystids are scattered and are 50-95 micrometers long and 10-16 µm wide. Cheilocystids are rare and resemble pleurocystids in size, shape, and color.
The top layer of the hat is a physalo palisadoderm made up of fairly variable, differently shaped elements. The end cells have a cylindrical to spherical shape, towards the apex the slender and short cylindrical elements often appear inflated, similar to a lower leg - a typical and important characteristic of the frosted red-footed bolete. The lower elements of the end cells are usually wider than the terminating ones; sometimes a final, slender and cylindrically shaped end cell sits on top of a much wider, spherical cell. Sometimes 2–3 such cells form short chains of enlarged diameter. In addition to the shape, the dimensions of the cap skin elements also prove to be highly variable: (7.9) 25.4 ± 8.77 (69.8) × (3.6) 11.2 ± 4.78 (47.5) µm , the ratio of length and width is (0.7) 2.5 ± 1.09 (6.9).
Basically, two types of hat cover layer can be distinguished, which to a certain extent depend on the stage of development of the fruiting body. In type 1, the end cells consist of rather slim, cylindrical to ± drumstick-shaped elements. The walls are smooth to weakly encrusted; the smooth-walled cells usually have an intracellular brown pigment. The subterminal cells are often inflated and as short as or even shorter than the connector and usually have no intracellular pigmentation. In type 2, the entire top layer of the hat shows weakly to moderately developed incrustations.
Species delimitation
The shore red-footed boletus ( Xerocomellus ripariellus ) shows a less lively, pale yellow flesh and no wine-red color under the upper layer of the hat. The end cells of the cap skin are clubbed when young, later almost vesicular and 10–20 (–25) µm wide, whereas those of the frosty red-footed bolete taper towards the end and are only 5–12 µm wide.
The common red-footed boletus also looks similar . However, it has a reddish stalk, at least towards the base, and in old age often shows a field-like torn hat skin without a wine-red underlayer underneath.
ecology
The frosted red-footed boletus occurs in various forest communities, including spruce forests, hornbeam-oak forests, but also gardens and parks. In the last-named habitats , the fruiting bodies appear preferentially on the more nitrogen-rich roadsides and edges. The species needs acidic to at most neutral, fresh to dry soil. The most common symbiotic partner is spruce , followed by red beech and English oak . The fungus lives less often with birch , forest pine , silver fir and elm .
The fruiting bodies appear mainly from September to November, when cold spells they can also be found in summer.
distribution
Xerocomellus pruinatus is widespread in Europe. The species has been found in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, England, France, Italy, Ireland, Norway, Austria, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, the Czech Republic and Hungary. In the other European countries, the species was often misinterpreted as the form of the common red-footed boletus .
Systematics
The first diagnosis comes from Johann Friedrich Gmelin in 1792 as Merulius pruinatus , but it was before the start of the nomenclature for this group of mushrooms. The species was validly described in 1835 by Elias Magnus Fries in his and Christopher Theodor Höks joint work "Boleti, fungorum generis illustratio" as Agaricus pruinatus . Wolfgang Klofac and Irmgard Krisai-Krailhuber combined the taxon into the genus Boletellus in 1992 . Most recently, in 2008, the Czech bolete specialist Josef Šutara placed the species in the genus Xerocomellus that he had newly established .
literature
- Thomas Rödig: The European species of the genera Xerocomus s. st. and Xerocomellus according to the genus concept of Šutara 2008 as well as demarcation from related European genera and species. (PDF; 215 kB) December 2011, accessed on February 19, 2012 (21 pages).
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Josef Šutara: Xerocomus s. l. in the light of the present state of knowledge . In: Czech Mycology . tape 60 (1) . Czech Scientific Society for Mycology, 2008, p. 29–62 ( cuni.cz [PDF; 860 kB ; accessed on October 7, 2012]). PDF; 860 kB ( Memento of the original from July 12, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b Andreas Kunze: Letter to the editor on “An update for the Filzröhrlinge” in issue 3/2011, No. 70, pp. 11-17 . In: The Tintling . Issue 6/2011, No. 73, p. 4–5 ( table of contents online ).
- ^ A b Heidi Ladurner, Giampaolo Simonini: Xerocomus s. l. In: Fungi Europaei . tape 8 . Edizioni Candusso, Alassio (Italy) 2003, ISBN 88-901057-2-0 (527 pages).
- ↑ a b c German Josef Krieglsteiner (Ed.), Andreas Gminder , Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württemberg . Volume 2: Stand mushrooms: inguinal, club, coral and stubble mushrooms, belly mushrooms, boletus and deaf mushrooms. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0 .
- ↑ Frieder Gröger: Identification key for leaf mushrooms and boletus in Europe. Part I . In: Regensburger Mykologische Schriften . tape 13 . Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft , 2006, ISSN 0944-2820 (master key; generic key; species key for Röhrlinge and relatives, wax leafs, light-leaved mushrooms, light-leaved ones and red blooms).
- ^ A b Andreas Bresinsky , Christian Düring, Wolfgang Ahlmer: Database PILZOEK on the Internet. 2. Update. Distribution and ecology of Central European mushroom species. 2007, accessed March 11, 2012 .
- ^ A b German Society for Mycology (DGfM): Mushroom mapping 2000 online. Edited by Axel Schilling, Peter Dobbitsch. 2004, accessed March 11, 2012 .
- ↑ a b Austrian Mycological Society (ÖMG): Database of Austrian mushrooms. Edited by Wolfgang Demon, Anton Hausknecht, Irmgard Greilhuber. 2009, accessed March 11, 2012 .
- ↑ Observations of Xerocomus pruinatus . In: Observations.be . Retrieved July 22, 2012 .
- ^ British Mycological Society: Fungal Records Database of Britain and Ireland (FRDBI). Paul Kirk, Jerry Cooper. Retrieved March 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Einar Timdal: The Norwegian Mycological Database (NMD). Retrieved March 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Roland Baranovič: Atlas hub. Retrieved March 13, 2012 .
- ↑ Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF): ... free and open access to biodiversity data. Retrieved March 13, 2012 .
- ^ Johann Friedrich Gmelin: Systema naturae per regna tria naturae . secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Ed .: Carl von Linné. Georg Emanuel Beer, Leipzig 1792 ( available online ).
- ↑ Elias Magnus Fries, Christopher Theodor Hök: Boleti, fungorum generis illustratio . Excudebant Regiae Academiae Typographi, 1835, p. 9 ( boletales.com [PDF; 174 kB ] 18 pages).
- ↑ Wolfgang Klofac, Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber: Xerocomus chrysenteron and similar looking Röhrlinge . In: Austrian journal for mushroom science . tape 1 , 1992, p. 19-59 .
Web links
- Boris Assyov: Xerocomus pruinatus Fr. & Hök. In: Boletales.com. Retrieved March 10, 2012 .
