Pack formation
In team sports , especially soccer , the term pack formation ( English mass confrontation ) denotes the gathering of several players when the game is interrupted.
The term is derived from the term pack used in behavioral biology and the hunter's language , from which is used for a closed and individualized group of mammals .
description
A pack formation usually takes place after a foul and / or contentious decisions by a referee . Several players (a 'pack') from one or both teams gather around the referee. The aim of pack formation is usually to verbally or physically support one's own players or to influence unpleasant referee decisions. When the pack is formed, people often protest, lament or push. In many cases, the formation of a pack is the starting point for the escalation of a conflict situation and, in the worst case, leads to a mass brawl in which substitutes, supervisors or even spectators can participate.
In football, pack formation is a rule violation that is usually punished with a punishment. In order to de-escalate or prevent violence, the German Football Association recommends its referees not to enter the pack of players when a pack is formed, but to use the whistle loudly and show the yellow or red card . Above all, players should be punished "who cover a great distance in order to take part in the confrontation." The formation of packs has been punished in the DFB area since the 2002/03 season. At the European Football Championship 2008 , the referees were instructed to punish “all significantly involved players” in a pack formation with a yellow card . In 2009 the English FA introduced a general ban on pack formation in its leagues. Clubs with three or more players harassing the referee are subject to a heavy fine.
Pack formation can also be observed in other team sports such as handball and basketball . A particularly severe form of ritualistic pack formation is from the Baseball and Hockey known and is there as a Bench-clearing brawl (dt. About by the seats tearing fight hereinafter). The trigger is usually a dispute between two players or an actual or perceived unsportsmanlike behavior such as a hit by pitch in baseball and / or a subsequent charging the mound . After that, all the players, supervisors and coaches rush from all directions on the field, including from the substitutes' bench, to the place of the conflict and attack each other.
literature
- fifa.com: Law 12 Fouls and Misconduct (Part 2 - Misconduct) (English; PDF; 5.9 MB)
- J. Kramer: "These are wild herds" In: Der Spiegel from April 23, 2002
- U. Muras: Get rid of the pack rule! In: Die Welt of October 21, 2002
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ L. Hambach: Development and analysis of football language as technical language. GRIN Verlag, 2008, ISBN 3-638-93696-1 , p. 17.
- ↑ B. Varnhorn: Bertelsmann Children's Football Lexicon. Wissenmedia Verlag, 2006, ISBN 3-577-09023-5 , limited preview in the Google book search
- ↑ L. Gartenschläger: "Not sane between half past three and half past five" In: Die Welt, March 18, 2002
- ^ Referees - active campaigners against violence and racism. ( Memento from January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), (PDF; 1.7 MB) In: Referee Newspaper Editor: Deutscher Fußball-Bund, 2, 2007, p. 12.
- ^ Bavarian Football Association: Instructions for referees and information for clubs - 2010/2011 season, accessed on December 13, 2010
- ↑ Fairness is in the foreground. ( Memento of January 24, 2011 in the Internet Archive ), (PDF; 2.5 MB) In: Referee Newspaper Editor: Deutscher Fußball-Bund, 3, 2008, p. 26.
- ↑ "Morality towards referees has been lost" In: Die Welt from December 19, 2002
- ↑ dfb.de: Six-point plan for EM referees presented. dated April 17, 2008
- ↑ Sport1: FA prohibits pack formation
- ^ Pack formation and hunting scenes in Dotzheim. In: Wiesbadener Kurier from January 18, 2010
- ↑ Basketball without 14 bad boys. ( Memento from May 19, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) In: FAZ from May 6, 2006