Skåäng runestone

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Skåäng runestone

The rune stone from Skåäng (No. Sö 32) in Södermanland ( Sweden ) is a rune stone made of reddish granite . It is the only one who was inscribed with an inscription with runes of the younger Futhark during the Viking Age (800-1050 AD), although it was already inscribed with runes from the older Futhark during the Germanic Iron Age around 500 AD.

In 1956 the stone was put back in its current location near the original site. It stands at Lillgården , on the road from Vagnhärad to Sund.

Research history

When a lithograph of the stone was published in 1830 , it was lying in Skåäng's field. It was believed to be an inconspicuous stone with an insignificant inscription from the 11th century. In 1867 the later imperial antiquarian Hans Olof Hildebrand (1842–1913) discovered a vertical row with runes of the older Futhark in a clockwise inscription inside the Viking Age rune serpent, whereupon further investigations were carried out.

Inscriptions

The older inscription

The older inscription harijaleugaz in the runic norse is in the middle of the stone in a right-handed vertical direction (picture). It is dated to around AD 500. The inscription consists of the transliterated names Harija and Leugaz . Both lettering are concluded by a morphically unclear rune or a sign (No. 7, 14), which today are mostly interpreted with Wolfgang Krause as "court marks" (ie symbols) of families or clans. Düwel is uncertain about this interpretation. Elmer H. Antonsen (1929–2008) conjugated an original n-rune in No. 7, which was mirrored and subsequently corrected. The interpretation as a separator between the names is another solution and is possibly with the final character / rune 14 (after the z ) in this context (according to Antonsen, an unexplained form that is reminiscent of the number 7). Furthermore it is noticeable that the h-rune was written the wrong way round.

Harija

The noun Harija from the inscribed form harija (n) (Antonsen: masculine genitive singular) has a jan stem after Antonsen; to Germanic * har-jan-ez . The shape is comparable with the inscription Harja of the ridge from the moor find of Vimose with the meaning "warrior, fighter". Krause reads a male personal name (PN) in Harija . Germanic * harja- is a common form of Germanic name formation belonging to the oldest class. It is documented in the names of persons, gods and peoples (see PN: Hariwulf ( rune stone from Stentoften ), GN: Hariasa , VN: Harier ).

Leugaz

Leugaz (Antonsen: masculine nominative singular) is to be compared to Gothic liugan = "to marry" with the outgoing meaning of "to swear an oath". With Schramm, Antonsen and Ottar Grønvik read a PN as a form of a noun agentis : "the (oath) oath". In this regard , comparable forms are Old High German ur-liugi , Old Norse ǫr-lygi and Middle Low German or-loge with the meaning of "oath break". Antonsen refers to the Indo-European word root * lewgh-os with the meaning "legal agreement".

interpretation

The inscription is interpreted and translated in different ways:

Antonsen reads:

harijanleugaz (1Z) , Harijan Leugaz = [monument] of Harija (= warrior) - Leugaz [erected it]. Syntax: noun, PN

Grønvik reads:

harijaʌ̵leugaʀ | , Har {i} ja ā Leugaʀ = Har {i} ja (= warrior) and Leugaʀ. Syntax: noun + conjecture + PN

Krause reads:

harija (1Z) leugaʀ (1Z) | , Harija (1Z) Leugaʀ (1Z) = Harija - Leugaʀ. Syntax: PN, characters (Hofmarke), nouns, characters (Hofmarke)

The Viking Age inscription

The younger inscription is a common memorial inscription. In the German translation it reads:

“Skammhals (Kurzhals) and Olov, they had this monument made in memory of Svæin, their father. God help his soul ”.

A pair of siblings had the stone inscribed for their deceased father. "Olov" is a woman's name here. This comes from the form of the relative pronoun "þau". If the two were the same sex, the pronoun should have the form "habenæiR". The use of the name "Olauf" could represent the runemaster's attempt to distinguish the name from the masculine form. Skanmal is a spelling of Skammhals (short neck), an epithet that is found on two other rune stones in Södermanland. “God help his soul” is a Christian formula that often appears in inscriptions from the second half of the 11th century.

Nearby is the Fredriksdal runestone .

literature

  • Antonsen, Elmer H .: A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions . Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen 1975, ISBN 3-484 60052-7 .
  • Klaus Düwel: Runic lore. 4th edition. Verlag JB Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2008. (Metzler Collection 72)
  • Lydia Klos: Runestones in Sweden - studies on location and function . In: Supplementary volumes to the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde , Vol. 64, Heinrich Beck, Dieter Geuenich, Heiko Steuer (Eds.). De Gruyter, Berlin / New York, 2009. ISBN 978-3-11-021464-2
  • Åke Ohlmarks: 10 0 Svenska Runinskrifter . Bokförlaget Plus, Borås 1978.
  • Hermann Reichert: Lexicon of Old Germanic Personal Names Vol. 1: Text, Vol. 2: Register. Böhlau, Vienna 1987, 1990.
General information on runology
  • K. Düwel & W. Heizmann: The older Futhark: Tradition and possible effects of the rune series . In: A. Bammesberger & G. Waxenberger et al: The Futhark and its individual language developments. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. 2006

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ Klaus Düwel: Runenkunde , Stuttgart 2008, pp. 5, 37
  2. ↑ Wolfgang Krause, Herbert Jankuhn: The runic inscriptions in the older Futhark . V&R, Göttingen 1966. No. 85
  3. ↑ Elmer H. Antonsen: A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions , Corpus of Inscriptions No. 73 p. 66
  4. ↑ Klaus Düwel: Runenkunde , Stuttgart 2008, p. 37
  5. ↑ Klaus Düwel: Runenkunde , Stuttgart 2008, p. 2 overview
  6. ↑ Elmer H. Antonsen: A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions , Corpus of Inscriptions No. 73 p. 66
  7. ↑ Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1 . P. 163
  8. ↑ Wolfgang Krause, Herbert Jankuhn: The runic inscriptions in the older Futhark . V&R, Göttingen 1966. No. 85
  9. ^ Robert Nedoma: Personal names in South Germanic runic inscriptions. Studies on old Germanic onomatology I, 1.1 . Winter, Heidelberg 2004, ISBN 978-3-8253-1646-4 , pp. 328, 331
  10. ↑ Gottfried Schramm: Namenschatz and poet language. Studies on the two-part personal names of the Teutons, V&R, Göttingen 1957, p. 32, 97
  11. ↑ Alexander Sitzmann, Friedrich E. Grünzweig: The old Germanic ethnonyms. Fassbaender, Vienna 2008, ISBN 978-3-902575-07-4 . P. 168
  12. ↑ Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary , Brill, Leiden 1986, ISBN 9004081763 , pp. 235f.
  13. ↑ Gottfried Schramm: Namenschatz and poet language. Studies on the two-part personal names of the Teutons, V&R, Göttingen 1957, p. 44, notes 1, 2
  14. ↑ Elmer H. Antonsen: A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions , Corpus of Inscriptions No. 73 pp. 66f. more literature there
  15. ↑ Vladimir Orel: A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill, Leiden / Boston 2003, ISBN 90-04-12875-1 . Pp. 242, 250
  16. ↑ Interpretations to an inscription including syntax and literature - Stein of Skåäng. Runic project Uni Kiel (last accessed on December 20, 2012)

Coordinates: 58 ° 57 '50.6 "  N , 17 ° 25' 52.8"  E