Sägesalmler

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Sägesalmler
Natterer's Sägesalmler (Pygocentrus nattereri)

Natterer's Sägesalmler ( Pygocentrus nattereri )

Systematics
Overcohort : Clupeocephala
Cohort : Otomorpha
Sub-cohort : Ostariophysi
Otophysa
Order : Tetras (Characiformes)
Family : Sägesalmler
Scientific name
Serrasalmidae
Eigenmann , 1915

The Sägesalmler (Serrasalmidae) are a family of the characiformes (Characiformes). They live in tropical South America , with the exception of the area west of the Andes . One of them is the black pacu ( Colossoma macropomum ), the largest tetra.

features

All Sägesalmler have a high-backed, disc-shaped body and are schooling fish. While the pennant piranha and some Metynnis species reach sexual maturity with 6 cm SL , the Black Pacu becomes more than 1 m long and reaches sexual maturity at 60 cm SL. The body of the Sägesalmler is scaled, the lateral line complete and an adipose fin is present. The eyes are relatively large. Both jaws are set with teeth and the usually terminal mouth cannot be turned forward (not protractile). The single, continuous dorsal fin (dorsal) is only supported by soft rays. The adipose fin is flag-shaped.

It is named after the series of hard, pointed serrae on the lower edge of the laterally flattened body. These are bony, saw-like thorns or scales, also referred to in the literature as abdominal teeth or abdominal serrae.

distribution

Sägesalmler inhabit most of the river basins of tropical and subtropical South America from Argentina to Venezuela and occur from sea level to an altitude of 300 m. The greatest diversity is found in the Amazon and the Orinoco catchment area, while the Río de la Plata and Guayana regions show moderate diversity. In some relatively large but isolated catchment areas, such as the Rio São Francisco or Lake Maracaibo area, only a few species are found, while species have been introduced into other rivers.

Way of life

Characteristic is the strong dentition, which in the carnivores of the genera Pristobrycon , Pygocentrus , Pygopristis and Serrasalmus consists of a row of sharp incisors and in the herbivorous tetras of the genera Colossoma , Metynnis , Myleus and Mylossoma of two rows of incisors and molars. The Pennant Piranha ( Catoprion mento ) is a food specialist that feeds on the scales of other fish.

Systematics

There are 16 genera with around 100 species in the Sägesalmler family. The predominantly carnivorous Sägesalmler form a scientifically unnamed clade from five genera. The species of this clade are commonly referred to as piranhas.

A total of almost 100 species have been described so far:

Relationships within the Sägesalmler according to Thompson et al .:
 Serrasalmidae 

 Serrasalminae 
 Piranhas 


Serrasalmus


   

Pygocentrus



   


Pennant piranhas ( Catoprion )


   

Pygopristis



   

Pristobrycon




   

Metynnis



 Myleinae 

Mylesinus , Myleus , Myloplus , Ossubtus & Tometes


   

Acnodon




 Colossominae 


Mylossoma


   

Black Pacu ( Colossoma macropomum )



   

Piaractus




Template: Klade / Maintenance / Style
Myloplus rubripinnis

literature

  • Günther Sterba : The world's freshwater fish. 2nd Edition. Urania, Leipzig / Jena / Berlin 1990, ISBN 3-332-00109-4 .
  • Joseph S. Nelson : Fishes of the World , John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 0-471-25031-7 .
  • G. Orti, P. Petry, J. Porto, M. Jegu, A. Meyer: Patterns of Nucleotide Change in Mitochondrial Ribosomal RNA Genes and the Phylogeny of Piranhas . J Mol Evol (1996) 42: 169-182. PDF
  • D. Calcagnottoa, S. Schaefera, & R. DeSalleb: Relationships among characiform fishes inferred from analysis of nuclear and mitochondrial gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Volume 36, Issue 1, July 2005, Pages 135-153 doi : 10.1016 / j.ympev.2005.01.004

Individual evidence

  1. a b c Peter van der Sleen, James S. Albert: Field Guide to the Fishes of the Amazon, Orinoco, and Guianas. 2017, University Press Group Ltd, ISBN 978-0691170749
  2. Axel Zarske: The type material of the Characiformes of the Museum für Naturkunde zu Berlin. Part 2b (3) South American Characiformes in the broader sense. 2012, in: Vertebrate Zoology 62 (3), Museum für Tierkunde Dresden, ISSN 1864-5755, p. 298. ( Online )
  3. B. Freemann, LG Nico, N. Osentoski, HJ Jelks, TM Collins: Molecular systematics of Serrasalmidae: Deciphering the identities of piranha species and unraveling their evolutionary histories , ZOOTAXA ISSN  1175-5334 (online edition) PDF
  4. Sägesalmler on Fishbase.org (English)
  5. Thompson, AW, R. Betancur-R., H. López-Fernández & G. Ortí. 2014. A time-calibrated, multi-locus phylogeny of piranhas, pacus, and allies (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) and a comparison of species tree methods. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution.
  6. a b c Kolmann, MA, Hughes, LC, Hernandez, LP, Arcila, D., Betancur-R, R., Sabaj, MH, López-Fernández, H. & Ortí, G .: Phylogenomics of piranhas and pacus ( Serrasalmidae) uncovers how dietary convergence and parallelism obfuscate traditional morphological taxonomy. Systematic Biology, syaa065. August 2020. PDF
  7. Mateussi, NTB, Melo, BF & Oliveira, C. (2020): Molecular delimitation and taxonomic revision of the wimple piranha Catoprion (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) with the description of a new species. Journal of Fish Biology, June 2020, doi: 10.1111 / jfb.14417

Web links

Commons : Sägesalmler  - Collection of images, videos and audio files