Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī

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King Alfonso III of Asturias won through the alliance with as-Surunbāqī Porto and Coimbra. He later had him executed.
In the 9th / 10th In the 19th century, Ibn Marwan , Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī and Saʿdūn's son Masʿūd were important leaders of the Muwalladūn rebellions in the west of al-Andalus

Saʿdūn ibn Fath as-Surunbāqī ( Arabic سعدون بن فتح السرنباقي, DMG Saʿdūn ibn Fatḥ as-Surunbāqī ), also Surunbaki († before 910) was a Muslim (Moorish) rebel leader or regional ruler in the west of al-Andalus in the second half of the 9th century. The name is said to be derived from the Arabic السرور الباقى ( as-surūr al-bāqī ), which means “lasting joy”. Other interpretations see Surunbāqī as a derivation from the name of his supposed place of origin Cirembaga (near Alvorge , south of Coimbra ) or Serombeque (in the Beja region ).

As-Surunbāqī was probably the son of a Galician or Mozarab convert . Like many other descendants of such " new Muslims " (Muwalladūn), he also used the opportunity to integrate into the ruling system - at a time when the majority of the population of Andalusia, subject to Arabs and Berbers, had already become Arabic linguistically and culturally, but still religiously had remained Christian and fanatical Christian preachers (above all Bishop Eulogius ) tried to incite this population against the Muslims.

Under the rule of the emir Muhammad I , as-Surunbāqī seems to have been governor or at least high administrative officer in the west or north-west of the emirate (which today belongs to Portugal). During defensive battles against the invading Vikings under the leadership of Björn Eisseite and Hasting , as-Surunbāqī fell into captivity in 859, but was released again in 860 or 861 against payment of a ransom. According to the chronicler Ibn Hayyan (987-1075), Ṣurunbāqī should not have repaid a Jewish middleman, the money he had put out. Ibn Hayyan, the era of the Umayyad - rulers of Cordoba tried to present positive as-Surunbāqī Rated basically negative. Together with other dissatisfied Muwalladūn and Mozarabs, as-Surunbāqī had joined the rebellion of Ibn Marwan, also of Galician origin, against the Umayyad emirs and even joined forces with King Alfonso III of Asturias . allied. For Ibn Hayyan, the alliance of the rebels with the Christians and their king was not only treason, but above all shirk (unbelief).

Rebellions in the emirate of Córdoba (al-Andalus) at the time of as-Surunbāqī: Ibn Marwān's rebellion area (from Merida to Badajoz) is shown in yellow.

Ṣurunbāqī was often referred to as the lord (governor) of Burtukal (Portucale, Porto), but Porto was after the failure of Ibn Marwan's first revolt (868) against Alfonso III. like. It is uncertain whether as-Surunbāqī ruled until the Christian Asturians took possession of the city or only afterwards. At the time of the invasion of the troops Alfons III. he was in the city, and Alfons III. then entrusted him with the construction of a fortress to secure the areas conquered on the south bank of the Douro against Muslim (Umayyad) attempts at reconquest. It is possible that Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī only joined Ibn Marwan's second revolt in 875 or 876. They first entrenched themselves in the fortress Monsalud (Munt Shalut, near Badajoz) and were able to defeat the army of Grand Vizier Haschim ibn Abd al-Aziz. In a counter-attack, as-Surunbāqī in 876 drove the Berbers ( Banū Dānis ) loyal to the Umayyads from Coimbra and worked on the occupation of this city by the troops of Alfonso III. with (878).

Together with Ibn Marwan, as-Surunbāqī not only ruled the depopulated and devastated intermediate zone in the border area between the Christian empires and the Muslim area, but the entire region between Douro and Badajoz, i.e. H. Central Portugal and the northern Alemtejo. as-Surunbāqī's militias controlled or plundered the area between Coimbra, Santarem and Beja. Since Surunbāqī's raids from 883 onwards repeatedly extended to the adjacent Christian area, he was finally captured and executed on Alfonso's orders. The Muslim population of Coimbra was displaced in 904. Surunbāqī's descendants remained allies of Ibn Marwan's descendants. One of his sons, Masʿūd ibn Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī, fought both against Umayyad government forces and against Arab and Berber rivals. In Ibn Marwan's order, around 914, he fortified the Évora that had been destroyed by Alfons' successor Ordoño II (one or two years earlier) and resettled Muwalladūn from Badajoz and Beja to prevent rival Berbers from settling there. It was not until 930 that Ibn Marwans and Ṣurunbāqīs descendants in Badajoz and Évora again submitted to the Umayyad emir of Córdoba.

literature

  • Ibn Hayyan: Al-Muqtabis III - crónica del emir Abd Allah I entre los años 275 H./888-889 dC y 299 H./912-913 dC) . Instituto Egipcio de Estudios Islámicos, Madrid 2017
  • Martim Velho: Ibn Marwan (Ibn al-Djilliki) e Sadun Surunbaqui - A localização de Monsalude . In: Proceedings of the ninth Congress of the Union européenne des arabisants et islamisants , pages 270-287. Brill, Leiden 1981
  • Évariste Lévi-Provençal: España musulmana (711-1031) . Espasa Libros, Barcelona 2000.

Remarks

  1. ↑ Seldom also Sadum or Surumbaqi (Surumbaki), Shurumbaqi (Shurumbaki), Shurunbaqi (Shurunbaki), Surunbaqui (Surumbaqui), Xurumbaqi or Soranbaqui
  2. ↑ Asturian King Alfonso III, who had Surunbāqī executed, ruled until 910
  3. ↑ According to various sources, as-Surunbāqī and his family came from Beja (Jorge de Alarcão, page 138), Évora (José Rui Santos, page 25) or Porto (Iván Pérez Marinas, page 159).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e David James: Early Islamic Spain - The History of Ibn Al-Qutiyah. Routledge, New York 2009, pp. 118 f. and 127.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f Martim Velho: Ibn Marwan (Ibn al-Djilliki) e Sadun Surunbaqui - A localização de Monsalude . In: Proceedings of the ninth Congress of the Union européenne des arabisants et islamisants , pages 270-287. Brill, Leiden 1981
  3. ↑ a b c d Santiago Augusto Ferreira Macias: La kūra de Beja et le territoire de Mértola , pages 27-34 and 52. Université Lumière, Lyon 2005
  4. ↑ a b c Jorge de Alarcão: Percursos de Ibn Maruán , In: Portvgalia, Nova Série, Volume 34, Pages 137-149. DCTP-FLUP, postage 2013
  5. ↑ a b c Adel Sidarus: Texto Arabe Sec X Nova Fundação de Evora , pages 3-11 and 17f. Universidade de Évora, Évora 2014
  6. ↑ Joaquín Arbeloa: Los orígenes del Reino de Navarra (710-925) , page 433. Editorial Auñamendi, San Sebastián 1969
  7. ↑ a b José Rui Ribeiro dos Santos: Um olhar sobre o quotidiano de Évora no período medieval-islâmico , page 34. Universidade de Évora, Évora 2015
  8. ^ A b André Clot : Al Andalus - The Moorish Spain , pages 50ff, 64ff, 194–197 and 200f. Artemis & Winkler, Düsseldorf and back 2002
  9. ^ Mary Vincent and Robert Stradling: Atlas of the World Cultures - Spain and Portugal - Art, History, Life Forms , page 42ff. Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg 1997
  10. ↑ Jordi Gibert Arce: Cronología histórica (859)
  11. ↑ a b c d Antonio Rei: Cronologia Gharb Al-Andalus (711-1250) , pages 6 and 8. Instituto de Estudos Medievais - FCSH / NOVA, Lisbon
  12. ^ A b c d Ann Christys: Vikings in the South - Voyages to Iberia and the Mediterranean , pp. 50-52. Bloomsbury Publishing, London / New York 2015
  13. ^ A b c Roberto Marín Guzmán: Sociedad, política y protesta popular en la España musulmana , page 224. Editorial Universidad de Costa Rica, San José 2006
  14. ↑ Cyrille Aillet: Les mozarabes - Christianisme et arabisation en péninsule Ibérique , page 110. Casa de Velázquez, Madrid 2017
  15. ↑ a b Jordi Gibert Arce: Cronología histórica (876)
  16. ↑ a b José Javier Esparza: La gran aventura del reino de Asturias - Así comenzó la Reconquista , pages 360f and 399f. La Esfera de los Libros, Madrid 2009
  17. ^ A b c Cláudio Torres, Santiago Macias, Susana Gómez: In the Lands of the Enchanted Moorish Maiden - Islamic Art in Portugal . Museum With No Frontiers, MWNF (Museum Without Frontiers), Mértola 2013
  18. ^ The Islamic Alcácer do Sal and the Medieval and Christian Alcácer
  19. ↑ Iván Pérez Marinas: Tierra de nadie -. Sociedad y poblamiento (siglos VIII-XI) entre el Duero y el sistema central , pages 135f, 159 and 174. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 2016
  20. ↑ Biografías y Vidas: Sa'dun al-Surunbaki
  21. ↑ Adel Youssef Sidarus: Fontes da história de al-Andalus e do Gharb , page 120. Centro de Estudos Africanos e Asiáticos, Lisbon 2000
  22. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam , Volume XI, p. 226 (Yabura). Brill, Leiden 2001
  23. ↑ Unión européenne des arabisants et islamisants Congreso: Proceedings of the Ninth Congress of the Union Européenne Des Arabisants Et Islamisants , page 50. Brill Archive, Leiden 1981
  24. ↑ Hamid Triki: Itinerario cultural de Almorávides y Almohades - Magreb y Península Ibérica , page 232. Fundación El legado andalusì, Sevilla 1999
  25. ↑ Winfried Kreutzer : History of Portugal , page 34f . Reclam-Verlag, Ditzingen 2013
personal data
SURNAME Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Sāʿḍūn al-Ṣurumbaqi; Saʿdūn ibn Fatḥ as-Surunbāqī
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Moorish ruler in western Andalusia
DATE OF BIRTH 9th century
DATE OF DEATH before 910