Banū Dānis

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From the fortress of Kasr Abī Dānis , the Banū Dānis ruled the port of the salt trading town later called Alcácer do Sal
Autonomous sphere of power of the Banū Dānis (yellow) in the west of the emirate or caliphate of Córdoba (until 929)

The Beni or Banū Dānis , also known as Banū Abī Dānis or Banū Adānis , were a clan of the Berber tribe of the ʿAwsāǧa (also ʿAwsaŷa, ʿAwsaja, Aussaja). The ʿAwsāǧa in turn belonged to the tribal confederation of the Masmuda (according to other information to the Malzūza ). They came to the Iberian Peninsula at the beginning of the 8th century as part of the Arab-Islamic expansion with a first wave of Berber immigration from North Africa and played a leading role in the west of al-Andalus until the second wave of Berber immigration at the end of the 10th century, today's southern and central Portugal .

Masmuda Berbers had been settled between the Tejo and Douro rivers and in the entire area between Beja and Coimbra . The Banū Dānis settled on the banks of the (Rio) Sado (near Alcácer do Sal ); in Coimbra, on the other hand, they made up the largest population group alongside Mozarabs . There was also Banū Dānis and Masmuda in Lisbon - and also in Porto (Oporto). Power and influence of the Banu Danis increased when, after the Viking raids mid-9th century al-Andalus dominant Umayyad - emirs of Córdoba extensions port cities on the Atlantic coast to important fortresses Banu Danis were governors of Alcacer and Coimbra. During the rebellions that broke out at the end of the 9th century, the Banū Dānis initially remained loyal to the Umayyads. The Mozarabs of Coimbra, however, allied themselves with the Muladí rebels Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī and Ibn Marwan ; after losing battles, the Banū Dānis led by Adānis Ibn ʿAwsāǧa were expelled from Coimbra in 876. The city then fell to Alfonso III. of Asturias .

The expelled Banū Dānis withdrew in 877 first to Lisbon, then to Alcácer do Sal ( al-Kasr Abī Dānis , i.e. "Castle of the Banū Abī Dānis"). Against the usurpation of the throne by Emir Abdallah of Córdoba they also revolted in 888 (as did the Banū Khalīʿ, another clan of the ʿAwsāǧa, which rose in southern Andalusia and joined the rebellion of Ibn Hafsūn ). From Alcácer do Sal, the Banū Dānis under Adānis' son Masʿūd Ibn Abī Dānis (Masʿūd Ibn Adānis) were able to expand their power and extend it again over Lisbon. Far away from Córdoba they ruled at least the entire Estremadura or roughly the area of ​​today's districts of Lisbon and Setúbal . An expansion of their sphere of influence to Évora was prevented in 914 by the descendants of Ibn Marwan and Surunbāqīs, but soon afterwards Masʿūd Ibn Abī Dānis and Masʿūd ibn Saʿdūn as-Surunbāqī were reconciled.

After the suppression of the rebellions, the Banū Dānis were by the caliph Abd ar-Rahman III. Confirmed by Córdoba in their positions of power: Masdsūd's brother Yaḥyā Ibn Abī Dānis (Yaḥyā Ibn Adānis) became governor of Alcácer in 930 and his nephew ʿAbd Allāh Ibn ʿUmar Ibn Abī Dānis became governor of Palmela and Setúbal . Abd ar-Rahman III. However, increasingly more Berber mercenaries brought into the country, and with the help of these newcomers, the Grand Vizier Almansor came to power in 978 . Almansor finally deposed the Banū-Dānis governors and made Alcácer do Sal a starting point for campaigns in the north, during which Coimbra was recaptured in 987. After the overthrow of the descendants of Almansor and the last Umayyad caliphs, central power disintegrated and Coimbra was lost again in 1064. With the invasion of the Almoravids at the end of the 11th century, there was a third wave of Berber immigration; Coimbra was briefly regained in 1117 for the last time. The Almoravids were replaced in 1147 by the Almohad invasion and a fourth wave of Berber immigrants, while Lisbon was lost to the Christians. The Almohads, who, like the Banū Dānis, were also Masmuda, finally lost Alcácer in 1158 and 1217 respectively.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Helena de Felipe: Identidad y onomástica de los Beréberes de Al-Andalus , pages 89ff, 322-325 and 389f. Editorial CSIC, Madrid 1997
  2. ↑ a b c d J. Bosch-Vilà: Andalus - Les Berbères en Andalus . In: Encyclopédie berbère , Volume 5 (Anacutas - Anti-Atlas), pages 641-647 . Edisud, Aix en-Provence 1988
  3. ↑ a b c Iván Pérez Marinas: Tierra de nadie - Sociedad y poblamiento (siglos VIII-XI) entre el Duero y el sistema central , pages 159 and 174. Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 2016
  4. ↑ a b c Abdulwahid Dhanum Taha: The Muslim conquest and settlement of North Africa and Spain , page 173. Routledge, New York 2016
  5. ^ Peter C. Scales: The Fall of the Caliphate of Córdoba - Berbers and Andalusis in Conflict , pages 145 and 148. Brill, Leiden 1993
  6. ↑ a b c Paulo Manuel Quintas de Almeida Fernandes: Matéria das Astúrias - Ritmos e realizações da expansão asturiano-leonesa no actual centro de Portugal séculos VIII-X , page 189. Universidade de Coimbra 2016
  7. ^ Mary Vincent and Robert Stradling: Picture Atlas of World Cultures - Spain and Portugal - Art, History, Lifestyles , Pages 21 and 42. Weltbild-Verlag, Augsburg 1997
  8. ↑ Christophe Picard, Nicholas Elliott: Sea of ​​the Caliphs - The Mediterranean in the Medieval Islamic World , 121. Harvard University Press, Cambridge (Massachusetts) 2018
  9. ^ Hugh N. Kennedy: The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East , 55. Ashgate, Hampshire 2006
  10. ↑ a b c II Congreso Internacional: La Ciudad en al-Andalus y el Magreb , page 425. Fundación El legado andalusì, Sevilla 2002
  11. ↑ a b Fundación José Luis Pardo: Hesperia Nº 17 Portugal II Culturas del Mediterráneo - Especial Portugal II , pages 69 and 72. Ibersaf Editores, Córdoba 2012
  12. ↑ a b Encyclopaedia of Islam online: Ḳaṣr Abī Dānis
  13. ↑ a b c d António Rafael Carvalho: Atlas do Sudoeste Português - Alcácer do Sal eo Alentejo Litoral durante o Período Islâmico (séculos VIII-XIII)
  14. ↑ a b c d The Islamic Alcácer do Sal and the Medieval and Christian Alcácer
  15. ↑ a b Christophe Picard: Le renouveau urbain en occident ibérique aux IXe - Xe siècles, sous l'impulsion de seigneurs muwalladûn , page 57. In: Actes des congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l'enseignement supérieur public , page 57. Brest 1992
  16. ↑ Manuela Marin: The Formation of al-Andalus , Part 1 (History and Society), page 371. Routledge, New York 2016
  17. ^ Câmara Municipal de Alcácer do Sal: Alcácer islâmica
  18. ^ Encyclopaedia of Islam , Volume XI, p. 226 (Yabura). Brill, Leiden 2001