Sanjak Albania

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Map of Sanjak Albania

The Sandzak Albania ( Ottoman sancak-i Arvanid ; Turkish Arvanid Sancağı ) was a Sanjak of the Ottoman Empire in Central and South albania . It stretched between Kruja in the north and the Kalamas River in the south. It was built between 1415 and 1417. With the creation of the Sanjak Elbasan in 1466, it was dissolved again. The Ottoman name comes from the name of the inhabitants, the Arvanites .

history

During the 14th century, Ottoman rule extended over the eastern Mediterranean and the Balkans . The division of Albania into small fiefs, ruled by independent feudal lords and clan heads, made the conquest easy for the Ottoman army. In 1385, the ruler of Durrës , Karl Thopia , appealed to the sultan to support him against his rival, the noble family Balšić . Ottoman forces immediately marched into Albania via the Via Egnatia and defeated Balša II in the Battle of Savra . The most important Albanian clans then swore allegiance to the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans allowed the Albanian clan chiefs to retain their positions and property. But they had to pay tribute, send their sons hostage to the Ottoman court and supply the Ottoman army with auxiliary troops.

The sanjak was created from 1394, was partly Venetian in 1402 , completely Ottoman from 1410 and founded as an administrative district from 1415 to 1417. From 1431 Vlora was the capital of the sanjak.

In 1431/32 all rural and urban households and their possessions were registered in the ten districts of the Sanjak. The Defter shows that all the districts of the Sanjak together were divided into 335 Tımar, each of which united two or three villages. The register is one of the earliest surviving records of the administrative registers of the Ottoman Empire and was published in 1954.

In 1432 the Albanian nobles Andreas Thopia and Gjergj Arianiti rebelled against the Ottoman rulers. At that time, Ali Bey Evrenosoğlu was Bey des Sanjaks in Albania. He and Turahan Bey were able to suppress the uprisings in 1435/36.

In 1437 the Albanian nobleman Theodor III. Muzaka again started a revolt against the Ottomans. The Sandschakbey was his son Jakup Bey at this time . In 1437/38 the Albanian nobleman Skanderbeg was appointed subaşi of Kruja and then in November 1438 Hizir Bey. Then Hadım Şehabeddin Pasha was Sandschakbey in Albania until 1439, when he rose to the Beylerbey of Rumelia . When Përmet was annexed to the Sanschak Albania in 1441 , Jakup Bey was mentioned as Sandschakbey. He remained in this position until September 1442 when he was killed as one of 16 Ottoman Sanjakbeys under the command of Hadım Şehabeddin Pasha by a Christian army under the command of Johann Hunyadi in the battle on the Ialomița River . Hadım Suleiman Pasha was then briefly Sandschakbey of Albania until he took over the Sandschak Smederevo .

The Sanjak Albania was dissolved in 1466 after the fortress Elbasan was expanded and the Sanjak Elbasan was built. Isbat ( Shpat ) and Çermenika , two mountain areas east of Elbasan , also belonged to the new sanjak . At the same time, the Sanjak Avlona with the districts ( kaza ) Skrapar , Përmet, Pogon, Tepelena and Gjirokastra was founded.

administration

The newly occupied Albanian territories were organized in the Sancak-i Arvanid ( Eng . Sanjak of the Arvanites ), a military-administrative district of the Eyâlet Rumelia. The sanjak was divided into nine vilayets led by Beys . The vilayets, in turn, were divided into Nahiyes under the supervision of a naib (district judge). The Sanjak Albania represents the first definition of Albania as a territorial unit that linked the Albanian language to a specific area.

In the years 1431/32 the Ottoman governor Umur Bey created a cadastral survey ( defter ) in Sanjak , which stretched from Kruja in the north to the Kalamas river valley in the south.

Vilayet Seat Remarks
Ergirikasrı or Zenebis Ergirikasrı ( Gjirokastra )
Klisura Klisura ( Këlcyra )
Kanina Kanina ( Kanina )
Belgrade Belgrade ( Berat )
Tomorince Tomorince ( Tomorrica )
İskrapar İskrapar ( Skrapar )
Pavlo Kurtik 20 Tımar , 9 of them Christian
Çartolos
Akçahisar Akçahisar ( Kruja )

literature

  • Uğur Altuğ: Arvanid-İli'nde Hıristiyan Sipahiler . In: II. Murad Dönemine ait Tahrir Defterlerinin yayına hazırlanması ve bu malzemeye göre tımar sistemi, demografi, yerleşme ve topoğrafya üzerinde araştırmalar . Dissertation at Gazi Üniversitesi , Ankara 2010, 185–189 ( online )

Individual evidence

  1. ^ The Ottoman Conquest of Albania . In: Raymond Zickel, Walter R. Iwaskiw: Albania: A Country Study . Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress, 1994 ( | Online ), accessed April 14, 2020
  2. ↑ Stavro Skendi: Balkan Cultural Studies : East European Monographs, 1980, ISBN 978-0-914710-66-0 , page 171
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g <K. Giakoumis: The Ottoman Advance and Consolidation in Epiros and Albania During the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries . In: Ηπειρωτικό Ημερολόγιο . Volume 23, pp. 217-244
  4. ↑ Andreas Birken: The provinces of the Ottoman Empire . (= Supplement to the Tübingen Atlas of the Middle East No. 13), Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, Wiesbaden 1976, p. 52
  5. ↑ Antonina Zhelyazkova: Albanian Identities . International Center for Minority Studies and Intercultural Relations (IMIR), Sofia 2000, p. 11
  6. ^ Nejdet Gök: Introduction of the Berat in Ottoman Diplomatics . In: Bulgarian Historical Review . No. 3-4, 2001, pp. 141-150
  7. ↑ Suraiya Faroqhi: The Ottomans and the Balkans: a discussion of historiography . Koninlijke Brill NV, ISBN 90-04-11902-7
  8. ↑ a b c Halil İnalcık: Hicrî 835 tarihli Sûret-i defter-i sancak-i Arvanid . Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara 1954
  9. ^ John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest . University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 , p. 535
  10. ↑ a b Stefanaq Pollo, Arben Puto, Kristo Frashëri, Skënder Anamali: Histoire de l'Albanie, des origines à nos jours . Horvath, 1974, ISBN 978-2-7171-0025-9 , p. 78
  11. ↑ Martijn Theodoor Houtsma: First encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913-1936 . Volume VIII, EJ Brill and Luzac and Co., 1993, p. 466
  12. ^ Historia e Shqipërisë . Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësise, 1959, p. 268
  13. ↑ Skënder Anamali: Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime . Volume I, Botimet Toena, 2002, p. 342
  14. ↑ Halil İnalcık: From empire to republic: essays on Ottoman and Turkish social history . Isis Press, 1995, ISBN 978-975-428-080-7 , p. 76
  15. ^ John Jefferson: The Holy Wars of King Wladislas and Sultan Murad: The Ottoman-Christian Conflict from 1438-1444 . Brill, ISBN 90-04-21904-8 , p. 85
  16. ↑ Hasan Kaleši: Prilog poznavanju arbanaške književnosti iz vremena preporoda . In: Godišnjak . Volume 1, Balkanološki institut, 1956, p. 354 ( online as PDF )
  17. ↑ Türk Tarih Kongresi: Kongrenin çalişmaları, kongreye sunulan tebliğler . Kenan Matbaası, 1994, p. 1693
  18. ↑ Selami Pulaha: Lufta Shqiptaro-Turke në shekullin XV: burime Ottoman . Universiteti Shtetëror i Tiranës, Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësisë, 1968, p. 45
  19. ^ Archivum ottomanicum . Volumes 1-3, Mouton, 1969, p. 200
  20. ↑ Emiddio Pietro Licursi: Empire of Nations: The Consolidation of Albanian and Turkish National Identities in the Late Ottoman Empire, 1878-1913 . Columbia University, New York 2011, p. 19, accessed April 14, 2020 ( online at Scribd )
  21. ^ Donald M. Nicol: The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479: A Contribution to the History of Greece in the Middle Ages . Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 978-0-521-26190-6 , p. 204